[{"awards": "1744885 Moline, Mark", "bounds_geometry": "POLYGON((-64.643 -64.703149,-64.5388975 -64.703149,-64.43479500000001 -64.703149,-64.3306925 -64.703149,-64.22659 -64.703149,-64.1224875 -64.703149,-64.018385 -64.703149,-63.9142825 -64.703149,-63.81018 -64.703149,-63.706077500000006 -64.703149,-63.601975 -64.703149,-63.601975 -64.7258003,-63.601975 -64.7484516,-63.601975 -64.77110289999999,-63.601975 -64.7937542,-63.601975 -64.8164055,-63.601975 -64.8390568,-63.601975 -64.86170809999999,-63.601975 -64.8843594,-63.601975 -64.9070107,-63.601975 -64.929662,-63.706077500000006 -64.929662,-63.81018 -64.929662,-63.9142825 -64.929662,-64.018385 -64.929662,-64.1224875 -64.929662,-64.22659 -64.929662,-64.3306925 -64.929662,-64.43479500000001 -64.929662,-64.5388975 -64.929662,-64.643 -64.929662,-64.643 -64.9070107,-64.643 -64.8843594,-64.643 -64.86170809999999,-64.643 -64.8390568,-64.643 -64.8164055,-64.643 -64.7937542,-64.643 -64.77110289999999,-64.643 -64.7484516,-64.643 -64.7258003,-64.643 -64.703149))", "dataset_titles": null, "datasets": null, "date_created": "Mon, 18 Jul 2022 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "This research project will use specially designed autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to investigate interactions between Adelie and Gentoo penguins (the predators) and their primary food source, Antarctic krill (prey). While it has long been known that penguins feed on krill, details about how they search for food and target individual prey items is less well understood. Krill aggregate in large swarms, and the size or the depth of these swarms may influence the feeding behavior of penguins. Similarly, penguin feeding behaviors may differ based on characteristics of the environment, krill swarms, and the presence of other prey and predator species. This project will use specialized smart AUVs to simultaneously collect high-resolution observations of penguins, their prey, and environmental conditions. Data will shed light on strategies used by penguins prove foraging success during the critical summer chick-rearing period. This will improve predictions of how penguin populations may respond to changing environmental conditions in the rapidly warming Western Antarctic Peninsula region. Greater understanding of how individual behaviors shape food web structure can also inform conservation and management efforts in other marine ecosystems. This project has a robust public education and outreach plan linked with the Birch and Monterey Bay Aquariums.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003ePrevious studies have shown that sub-mesoscale variability (1-10 km) in Antarctic krill densities and structure impact the foraging behavior of air-breathing predators. However, there is little understanding of how krill aggregation characteristics are linked to abundance on fine spatial scales, how these patterns are influenced by the habitat, or how prey characteristics influences the foraging behavior of predators. These data gaps remain because it is extremely challenging to collect detailed data on predators and prey simultaneously at the scale of an individual krill patch and single foraging event. Building on previously successful efforts, this project will integrate echosounders into autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), so that oceanographic variables and multi-frequency acoustic scattering from both prey and penguins can be collected simultaneously. This will allow for quantification of the environment at the scale of individual foraging events made by penguins during the critical 50+ day chick-rearing period. Work will be centered near Palmer Station, where long-term studies have provided significant insight into predator and prey population trends. The new data to be collected by this project will test hypotheses about how penguin prey selection and foraging behaviors are influenced by physical and biological features of their ocean habitat at extremely fine scale. By addressing the dynamic relationship between individual penguins, their prey, and habitat at the scale of individual foraging events, this study will begin to reveal the important processes regulating resource availability and identify what makes this region a profitable foraging habitat and breeding location.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThis award reflects NSF\u0027s statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation\u0027s intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.", "east": -63.601975, "geometry": "POINT(-64.1224875 -64.8164055)", "instruments": null, "is_usap_dc": true, "keywords": "COASTAL; COMMUNITY DYNAMICS; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS; SPECIES/POPULATION INTERACTIONS; Palmer Station; MICROALGAE; PENGUINS; ANIMALS/INVERTEBRATES", "locations": "Palmer Station", "north": -64.703149, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems; Antarctic Integrated System Science", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Moline, Mark; Benoit-Bird, Kelly; Cimino, Megan", "platforms": null, "repositories": null, "science_programs": null, "south": -64.929662, "title": "Collaborative Research: Linking Predator Behavior and Resource Distributions: Penguin-directed Exploration of an Ecological Hotspot", "uid": "p0010347", "west": -64.643}, {"awards": "2148517 Hancock, Cathrine", "bounds_geometry": "POLYGON((-60 -55,-51 -55,-42 -55,-33 -55,-24 -55,-15 -55,-6 -55,3 -55,12 -55,21 -55,30 -55,30 -57,30 -59,30 -61,30 -63,30 -65,30 -67,30 -69,30 -71,30 -73,30 -75,21 -75,12 -75,3 -75,-6 -75,-15 -75,-24 -75,-33 -75,-42 -75,-51 -75,-60 -75,-60 -73,-60 -71,-60 -69,-60 -67,-60 -65,-60 -63,-60 -61,-60 -59,-60 -57,-60 -55))", "dataset_titles": "Under ice trajectories for RAFOS enabled profiling floats in the Weddell Gyre", "datasets": [{"dataset_uid": "601652", "doi": "10.15784/601652", "keywords": "Antarctica; ANTXXIV/3; Argo Float; Artoa4argo; GPS Data; RAFOS; US Argo Program; Weddell Sea", "people": "Hancock, Cathrine", "repository": "USAP-DC", "science_program": null, "title": "Under ice trajectories for RAFOS enabled profiling floats in the Weddell Gyre", "url": "https://www.usap-dc.org/view/dataset/601652"}], "date_created": "Fri, 25 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "The Weddell Gyre is one of the major components of the Southern Ocean circulation system, linking heat and carbon fluxes in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the continental margins. Water masses entering the Weddell Gyre are modified as they move in a great circular route around the gyre margin and change through processes involving air-sea-cryosphere interactions as well as through ocean eddies that mix properties across the gyre boundaries. Some of the denser water masses exit the gyre through pathways along the northern boundary, and ultimately ventilate the global deep ocean as Antarctic Bottom Water. While in-situ and satellite observations, as well as computer modeling efforts, provide estimates of the large-scale average flow within the gyre, details of the smaller-scale, or \"mesoscale\" eddy flow remain elusive. The proposed research will quantify mixing due to mesoscale eddies within the Weddell Gyre, as well as the transport of incoming deep water from the northeast, thought to be a result of transient eddies. Since the Weddell Gyre produces source water for about 40% of Antarctic Bottom Water formation, understanding the dynamics in this region helps to identify causes of documented changes in global bottom waters. This in turn, will give insight into how climate change is affecting global oceans, through modification of dense polar waters and Antarctic Bottom Water characteristics.\r\n\r\nThis project aims to track 153 RAFOS-enabled Argo floats in the ice-covered regions of the Weddell Gyre. The resultant tracks along with all available Argo and earlier float data will be used to calculate Eulerian and Lagrangian means and eddy statistics for the Weddell Gyre. The study will link RAFOS tracks with Argo profiles under ice, allowing one to characterize the importance of eddies in water column modification at critical ice-edge boundaries and leads. With RAFOS tracks near the northeastern limit of the gyre, the project will investigate the eddy-driven processes of incoming Circumpolar Deep Water, to understand better the mechanisms and volume fluxes involved. Previous work shows that a large fraction of the mean circulation in the southern and western limits of the gyre, where it contacts the Antarctic continent, occurs in a narrow boundary layer above the slope. The research here will integrate this flow structure into a complete interior and boundary layer mean circulation synthesis. The findings and products from the proposed work will improve the positioning of Argo profiles in the polar regions, which would allow for more accurate climatological maps and derived quantities. Estimates of meso-scale mixing may serve as a foundation for the development of new parameterization schemes employed in climate models, as well as local and global ocean circulation models in polar regions.", "east": 30.0, "geometry": "POINT(-15 -65)", "instruments": null, "is_usap_dc": true, "keywords": "OCEAN CURRENTS; WATER MASSES; BUOYS; USA/NSF; Weddell Sea; AMD; USAP-DC; Amd/Us", "locations": "Weddell Sea", "north": -55.0, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Hancock, Cathrine; Speer, Kevin", "platforms": "WATER-BASED PLATFORMS \u003e BUOYS \u003e MOORED \u003e BUOYS", "repo": "USAP-DC", "repositories": "USAP-DC", "science_programs": null, "south": -75.0, "title": "Weddell Gyre Mean Circulation and Eddy Statistics from Floats", "uid": "p0010310", "west": -60.0}, {"awards": "2149500 Chambers, Don", "bounds_geometry": "POLYGON((-180 -30,-144 -30,-108 -30,-72 -30,-36 -30,0 -30,36 -30,72 -30,108 -30,144 -30,180 -30,180 -36,180 -42,180 -48,180 -54,180 -60,180 -66,180 -72,180 -78,180 -84,180 -90,144 -90,108 -90,72 -90,36 -90,0 -90,-36 -90,-72 -90,-108 -90,-144 -90,-180 -90,-180 -84,-180 -78,-180 -72,-180 -66,-180 -60,-180 -54,-180 -48,-180 -42,-180 -36,-180 -30))", "dataset_titles": null, "datasets": null, "date_created": "Mon, 14 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "The Southern Ocean accounts for ~40% of the total ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO2 despite covering only 20% of the global ocean surface, and is particularly rich in long-lived eddies. These eddies, or large ocean whirlpools which can be observed from space, can alter air-sea fluxes of CO2 in ways that are not yet fully understood. New observations from autonomous platforms measuring ocean carbon content suggest that there is significant heterogeneity in ocean carbon fluxes which can be linked to these dynamic eddy features. Due to computational and time limitations, ocean eddies are not explicitly represented in most climate models, limiting our ability to understand the role eddies play in the ocean carbon cycle. This work will explore the impact of eddies on ocean carbon content and air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean using both model- and observation-based strategies and the findings will improve our understanding of the ocean\u2019s role in the carbon cycle and in global climate. While this work will primarily be focused on the Southern Ocean, the results will be globally applicable. The researchers will also broaden interest in physical and chemical oceanography among middle school-age girls in the University of South Florida\u2019s Oceanography Camp for Girls by augmenting existing lessons with computational methods in oceanography. \r\n\r\nThis project aims to quantify the impacts of mesoscale eddy processes on ocean carbon content and air-sea carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in the Southern Ocean. For the modeling component, the investigators will explore relationships between eddies, ocean carbon content, and air-sea CO2 fluxes within the 1/6-degree resolution Biogeochemical Southern Ocean State Estimate (B-SOSE). They investigators will produce high-resolution composites of the carbon content and physical structure within both cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies by region, quantify the influence of these eddies on the overall simulated air-sea CO2 flux, and diagnose the physical mechanisms driving this influence. For the observational component, the investigators will match eddies observed via satellite altimetry to ocean carbon observations and characterize observed relationships between eddies and ocean carbon content with a focus on Southern Ocean winter observations where light limits biological processes, allowing isolation of the contribution of physical processes. This work will also provide motivation for higher resolution and better eddy parameterizations in climate models, more mesoscale biogeochemical observations, and integration of satellite SSH data into efforts to map air-sea fluxes of CO2. Each summer, the PI delivers a lab lesson at the University of South Florida Oceanography Camp for Girls (OCG), recognized by NSF as a \u201cModel STEM Program for Women and Girls\u201d focused on broadening participation by placing emphasis on recruiting a diverse group of young women. As part of this project, the existing interactive Jupyter Notebook-based Python coding Lab lesson will be augmented with a B-SOSE-themed modeling component, which will broaden interest in physical and chemical oceanography and data science, and expose campers to computational methods in oceanography.\r\n", "east": 180.0, "geometry": "POINT(0 -89.999)", "instruments": null, "is_usap_dc": true, "keywords": "Amd/Us; Southern Ocean; PH; BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES; AMD; OCEAN CHEMISTRY; OCEAN MIXED LAYER; USA/NSF; NITROGEN; OCEAN CURRENTS; SALINITY/DENSITY; USAP-DC; OCEAN TEMPERATURE; MODELS; CHLOROPHYLL; DISSOLVED GASES; NUTRIENTS", "locations": "Southern Ocean", "north": -30.0, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Williams, Nancy; Chambers, Don; Tamsitt, Veronica", "platforms": "OTHER \u003e MODELS \u003e MODELS", "repositories": null, "science_programs": null, "south": -90.0, "title": "Collaborative Research: Diagnosing the Role of Ocean Eddies in Carbon Cycling from a High-resolution Data Assimilating Ocean Biogeochemical Model", "uid": "p0010309", "west": -180.0}, {"awards": "1823135 Bromwich, David", "bounds_geometry": "POLYGON((-180 -60,-144 -60,-108 -60,-72 -60,-36 -60,0 -60,36 -60,72 -60,108 -60,144 -60,180 -60,180 -63,180 -66,180 -69,180 -72,180 -75,180 -78,180 -81,180 -84,180 -87,180 -90,144 -90,108 -90,72 -90,36 -90,0 -90,-36 -90,-72 -90,-108 -90,-144 -90,-180 -90,-180 -87,-180 -84,-180 -81,-180 -78,-180 -75,-180 -72,-180 -69,-180 -66,-180 -63,-180 -60))", "dataset_titles": "YOPP-SH Analysis and Forecast Results. ", "datasets": [{"dataset_uid": "200287", "doi": "", "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "PI website", "science_program": null, "title": "YOPP-SH Analysis and Forecast Results. ", "url": "http://polarmet.osu.edu/YOPP-SH/"}], "date_created": "Mon, 14 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "This research will take advantage of the greater number of Antarctic weather observations collected as part of the World Meteorological Organization\u0027s \"Year of Polar Prediction\". Researchers will use these additional observations to study new ways of incorporating data into existing weather prediction models. The primary goal of this research is to improve the accuracy of weather forecasts in Antarctica. This work is important, as the harsh weather in Antarctica greatly impacts scientific research and the support of this research. Being able to accurately predict changing weather increases the safety and efficiency of Antarctic field science and operations. \r\nThe proposed effort seeks to advance goals of the World Meteorological Organization\u0027s Polar Prediction Project and its Year of Polar Prediction-Southern Hemisphere (YOPP-SH) effort. Researchers will investigate and demonstrate the forecast impact of enhanced atmospheric observations obtained from YOPP-SH\u0027s Special Observing Period on polar numerical weather prediction. This will be done by using the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS). AMPS is the primary numerical weather prediction capability for the United States Antarctic Program (USAP). Modeling experimentation will assess the impact of Special Observing Period data on Antarctic forecasts and will serve as a vehicle for testing new data assimilation approaches for AMPS. The primary goal for this work is improved forecasting and numerical weather prediction tools. Outcomes will include quantification of the value of enhanced southern hemisphere atmospheric observations. This work will also help improve AMPS and its ability to support the USAP.\r\nThis award reflects NSF\u0027s statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation\u0027s intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.", "east": 180.0, "geometry": "POINT(0 -89.999)", "instruments": null, "is_usap_dc": true, "keywords": "VERTICAL PROFILES; Antarctica; USA/NSF; WATER VAPOR PROFILES; USAP-DC; AMD; Amd/Us; COMPUTERS; WIND PROFILES", "locations": "Antarctica", "north": -60.0, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Bromwich, David; Powers, Jordan", "platforms": "OTHER \u003e MODELS \u003e COMPUTERS", "repo": "PI website", "repositories": "PI website", "science_programs": null, "south": -90.0, "title": "Application of Year of Polar Prediction- Southern Hemisphere (YOPP-SH) Observations for Improvement of Antarctic Numerical Weather Prediction", "uid": "p0010308", "west": -180.0}, {"awards": "2149501 Mazloff, Matthew", "bounds_geometry": "POLYGON((-180 -60,-144 -60,-108 -60,-72 -60,-36 -60,0 -60,36 -60,72 -60,108 -60,144 -60,180 -60,180 -63,180 -66,180 -69,180 -72,180 -75,180 -78,180 -81,180 -84,180 -87,180 -90,144 -90,108 -90,72 -90,36 -90,0 -90,-36 -90,-72 -90,-108 -90,-144 -90,-180 -90,-180 -87,-180 -84,-180 -81,-180 -78,-180 -75,-180 -72,-180 -69,-180 -66,-180 -63,-180 -60))", "dataset_titles": null, "datasets": null, "date_created": "Fri, 04 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "This project aims to quantify the impacts of mesoscale eddy processes on ocean carbon content and air-sea carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in the Southern Ocean. For the modeling component, the investigators will explore relationships between eddies, ocean carbon content, and air-sea CO2 fluxes within the 1/6-degree resolution Biogeochemical Southern Ocean State Estimate (B-SOSE). They investigators will produce high-resolution composites of the carbon content and physical structure within both cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies by region, quantify the influence of these eddies on the overall simulated air-sea CO2 flux, and diagnose the physical mechanisms driving this influence. For the observational component, the investigators will match eddies observed via satellite altimetry to ocean carbon observations and characterize observed relationships between eddies and ocean carbon content with a focus on Southern Ocean winter observations where light limits biological processes, allowing isolation of the contribution of physical processes. This work will also provide motivation for higher resolution and better eddy parameterizations in climate models, more mesoscale biogeochemical observations, and integration of satellite SSH data into efforts to map air-sea fluxes of CO2. Each summer, the PI delivers a lab lesson at the University of South Florida Oceanography Camp for Girls (OCG), recognized by NSF as a \u201cModel STEM Program for Women and Girls\u201d focused on broadening participation by placing emphasis on recruiting a diverse group of young women. As part of this project, the existing interactive Jupyter Notebook-based Python coding Lab lesson will be augmented with a B-SOSE-themed modeling component, which will broaden interest in physical and chemical oceanography and data science, and expose campers to computational methods in oceanography.", "east": 180.0, "geometry": "POINT(0 -89.999)", "instruments": null, "is_usap_dc": true, "keywords": "Southern Ocean; AMD; USA/NSF; USAP-DC; MODELS; BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES; Amd/Us", "locations": "Southern Ocean", "north": -60.0, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Mazloff, Matthew", "platforms": "OTHER \u003e MODELS \u003e MODELS", "repositories": null, "science_programs": null, "south": -90.0, "title": "Collaborative Research: Diagnosing the role of ocean eddies in carbon cycling from a high- resolution data assimilating ocean biogeochemical model", "uid": "p0010304", "west": -180.0}, {"awards": "1744954 Lubin, Dan", "bounds_geometry": "POINT(-148.81 -81.65)", "dataset_titles": "Siple Dome Surface Energy Flux", "datasets": [{"dataset_uid": "601540", "doi": "10.15784/601540", "keywords": "Antarctica; Siple Dome; Spectroscopy", "people": "Ghiz, Madison; Lubin, Dan", "repository": "USAP-DC", "science_program": null, "title": "Siple Dome Surface Energy Flux", "url": "https://www.usap-dc.org/view/dataset/601540"}], "date_created": "Wed, 02 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "We will measure the surface energy balance on West Antarctica as it relates to atmospheric forcing of surface melt and hydrofracturing of ice shelves and grounding-line ice cliffs. In this program we build upon recent experience with a major campaign jointly supported by the US Antarctic Program (USAP) and US Department of Energy (DOE), the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) West Antarctic Radiation Experiment (AWARE). AWARE deployed a highly advanced suite of atmospheric and climate science instrumentation to McMurdo Station from December 2015 through December 2016, including spectral radiometers, research radars and lidars, and comprehensive meteorological equipment. AWARE also deployed a smaller suite of radiometers, lidars, and rawinsonde equipment to the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide Ice Camp during December 2015 and January 2016. This project\u2019s principal investigator, Dr. Lubin (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, SIO), was the AWARE lead scientist. For this program we will deploy a suite instruments to measure downwelling and net shortwave and longwave fluxes, sensible and latent heat fluxes, and near-surface meteorology. This suite of instruments will be self-reliant with power requirements and will be supportable in the field with flexible resources, for example a single Twin Otter aircraft mission. These measurements will be analyzed and interpreted to determine synoptic and mesoscale conditions that govern surface melt in West Antarctica, in the context of improving coupled climate model parameterizations.\r\n", "east": -148.81, "geometry": "POINT(-148.81 -81.65)", "instruments": null, "is_usap_dc": true, "keywords": "ICE SHEETS; Siple Dome; USAP-DC; ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION; AMD; FIELD SURVEYS; Amd/Us; USA/NSF", "locations": "Siple Dome", "north": -81.65, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Lubin, Dan", "platforms": "LAND-BASED PLATFORMS \u003e FIELD SITES \u003e FIELD SURVEYS", "repo": "USAP-DC", "repositories": "USAP-DC", "science_programs": null, "south": -81.65, "title": "Surface Energy Balance on West Antarctica and the Ross Ice Shelf", "uid": "p0010296", "west": -148.81}, {"awards": "1744878 Lazzara, Matthew; 1745097 Cassano, John", "bounds_geometry": "POLYGON((-115 -79,-114.4 -79,-113.8 -79,-113.2 -79,-112.6 -79,-112 -79,-111.4 -79,-110.8 -79,-110.2 -79,-109.6 -79,-109 -79,-109 -79.1,-109 -79.2,-109 -79.3,-109 -79.4,-109 -79.5,-109 -79.6,-109 -79.7,-109 -79.8,-109 -79.9,-109 -80,-109.6 -80,-110.2 -80,-110.8 -80,-111.4 -80,-112 -80,-112.6 -80,-113.2 -80,-113.8 -80,-114.4 -80,-115 -80,-115 -79.9,-115 -79.8,-115 -79.7,-115 -79.6,-115 -79.5,-115 -79.4,-115 -79.3,-115 -79.2,-115 -79.1,-115 -79))", "dataset_titles": null, "datasets": null, "date_created": "Tue, 06 Jul 2021 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "An observational campaign, focused on the atmospheric boundary layer over the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS), is planned. A robust set of year-round, autonomous, atmospheric and surface measurements, will be made using an instrumented 30-m tall tower (TT) at the WAIS divide field camp (WAIS TT). An unmanned aerial system (UAS) field campaign will be conducted and will supplement the WAIS TT observations by sampling the entire depth of the boundary layer.\r\nThe proposed work will create a unique dataset of year-round atmospheric boundary layer measurements from a portion of the Antarctic continent that has not previously been observed in this manner. The newly acquired dataset will be used to elucidate the processes that modulate the exchange of energy between the ice sheet surface and the overlying atmosphere, to assess the relationships\r\nbetween near surface stability, winds, and radiative forcing, and to compare these relationships observed at the WAIS TT to those described for other portions of the Antarctic continent. The dataset will also be used to assess the ability of the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) operational weather forecasting model and current generation reanalyses to accurately represent surface and boundary layer processes in this region of Antarctica.\r\nIntellectual Merit\r\nThe near surface atmosphere over West Antarctica is one of the fastest warming locations on the planet and this atmospheric warming, along with oceanic forcing, is contributing to ice sheet melt and rising sea levels. Recent reports from the National Research Council and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research have highlighted the critical nature of these aspects of the West Antarctic climate system.\r\nThe proposed research will advance our understanding of how the atmosphere exchanges heat, moisture, and momentum with the ice sheet surface in West Antarctica and will assess our ability to represent these processes in current generation numerical weather prediction and reanalysis products, by addressing the following scientific questions:\r\n- How does the surface layer and lower portion of the atmospheric boundary layer in West Antarctica compare to that over the low elevation ice shelves and the high elevation East Antarctic plateau?\r\n- What are the dominant factors that lead to warm episodes, and potentially periods of melt, over the West Antarctic ice sheet?\r\n- How well do operational forecast models (AMPS) and reanalyses reproduce the observed near surface stability in West Antarctica?\r\n- What are the sources of errors in the modeled near surface atmospheric stability of West Antarctica?\r\nBroader Impacts:\r\nAtmospheric warming and associated melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet has the potential to raise sea level by many meters. The proposed research will explore the processes that control this warming, and as such has broad societal relevance by providing improved understanding of the processes that could lead to large sea level rise.\r\nEducational outreach activities will include classroom visits to K-12 schools and Skype sessions from Antarctica with students at these schools. Photographs, videos, and instrumentation used during this project will be brought to the classrooms. At the college and university level data from the project will be used in classes being developed as part of a new undergraduate atmospheric and oceanic science major at the University of Colorado and a graduate student will be support on this project.\r\nPublic outreach will be in the form of field blogs, media interviews, and either an article for a general interest scientific magazine, such as Scientific American, or as an electronically published book of Antarctic fieldwork photographs.", "east": -109.0, "geometry": "POINT(-112 -79.5)", "instruments": null, "is_usap_dc": true, "keywords": "AMD; Amd/Us; HUMIDITY; ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; West Antarctic Ice Sheet; BOUNDARY LAYER TEMPERATURE; USAP-DC; ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS; FIELD SURVEYS; BOUNDARY LAYER WINDS; USA/NSF", "locations": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet", "north": -79.0, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences; Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Cassano, John; Lazzara, Matthew", "platforms": "LAND-BASED PLATFORMS \u003e FIELD SITES \u003e FIELD SURVEYS", "repositories": null, "science_programs": null, "south": -80.0, "title": "Collaborative Research: Observing the Atmospheric Boundary over the West Antarctic Ice Sheet", "uid": "p0010225", "west": -115.0}, {"awards": "2001430 Cassano, John", "bounds_geometry": "POLYGON((166 -77,166.4 -77,166.8 -77,167.2 -77,167.6 -77,168 -77,168.4 -77,168.8 -77,169.2 -77,169.6 -77,170 -77,170 -77.1,170 -77.2,170 -77.3,170 -77.4,170 -77.5,170 -77.6,170 -77.7,170 -77.8,170 -77.9,170 -78,169.6 -78,169.2 -78,168.8 -78,168.4 -78,168 -78,167.6 -78,167.2 -78,166.8 -78,166.4 -78,166 -78,166 -77.9,166 -77.8,166 -77.7,166 -77.6,166 -77.5,166 -77.4,166 -77.3,166 -77.2,166 -77.1,166 -77))", "dataset_titles": "Radar Data for Phoenix Airfield (NZFX), 2019", "datasets": [{"dataset_uid": "200358", "doi": "10.48567/wrfx-7c88", "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "AMRDC", "science_program": null, "title": "Radar Data for Phoenix Airfield (NZFX), 2019", "url": "https://amrdcdata.ssec.wisc.edu/dataset/radar-data-for-phoenix-airfield-nzfx-2019"}], "date_created": "Tue, 06 Jul 2021 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "The Ross Island region of Antarctica is a topographically complex region that results in large variations in the mesoscale high wind and precipitation features across the region. The goals of this project are to increase the understanding of the three-dimensional structure of these mesoscale meteorology features. This project will leverage observations from the scanning X-band radar installed during the AWARE field campaign in 2016 and the installation of an EWR Radar Systems X-band scanning radar (E700XD) to be deployed during the 2019-20 field season.\r\nIntellectual Merit:\r\nThe focus of the science will be on questions investigating the structure and forcing of mesoscale wind and precipitation features in the vicinity of McMurdo Station. In addition to the data from the X-band scanning radars, observations from surface-based automatic weather stations, radiosonde launches from McMurdo Station, the suite of AWARE observations, and archived forecasts from the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System will be used to provide verification and additional insights into the structure of these mesoscale features. The science questions to be addressed in this study are:\r\n- What are the signatures of the mesoscale high wind features that are detectable by a scanning X-band, Doppler radar that can be used to aid in operational forecasting and to increase lead time of high wind event warnings for improved safety and logistics in the Ross Island region?\r\n- How does the orientation of the mesoscale high wind events play a role in the determining the severity of the impacts of the high winds at logistically significant locations across the Ross Island region?\r\n- What is the distribution of precipitation across the Ross Island region? Are there local topographic features that result in banding of precipitation across the region?\r\n- What is the accuracy of AMPS in forecasting mesoscale precipitation and wind features across the Ross Island region during the main body season?\r\nBroader Impacts:\r\nThe benefits of this project will extend beyond that of addressing the science questions and into improvements and increased data resources for the logistics, operational forecasting and research communities.\r\n- Provide increased understanding and in-depth analysis of the mesoscale wind and precipitation features detectable using radar observations to be transferred to the NIWC forecasters resulting in increased awareness and training.\r\n- With the comparison of the capabilities of the AWARE radar to that of the EWR Radar Systems E700XD the USAP can make an informed decision for the future purchase of a similar or different radar system for long-term deployment and use in forecasting for the region.\r\n- Develop a robust and coordinated data archive of the EWR Radar Systems E700XD during the 2019-20 deployment to be shared and used by future research investigations.\r\n- Provide insight, tools, and an outline for additional studies based on the remote sensing dataset collected during the AWARE project.", "east": 170.0, "geometry": "POINT(168 -77.5)", "instruments": null, "is_usap_dc": true, "keywords": "SNOW; AMD; FIELD SURVEYS; Amd/Us; Mcmurdo; USAP-DC; USA/NSF; ATMOSPHERIC WINDS", "locations": "Mcmurdo", "north": -77.0, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Cassano, John; Seefeldt, Mark; Kingsmill, David", "platforms": "LAND-BASED PLATFORMS \u003e FIELD SITES \u003e FIELD SURVEYS", "repo": "AMRDC", "repositories": "AMRDC", "science_programs": null, "south": -78.0, "title": "RAPID: An Improved Understanding of Mesoscale Wind and Precipitation Variability in the Ross Island Region Based on Radar Observations", "uid": "p0010226", "west": 166.0}, {"awards": "2048840 Chambers, Don", "bounds_geometry": "POLYGON((0 -30,15 -30,30 -30,45 -30,60 -30,75 -30,90 -30,105 -30,120 -30,135 -30,150 -30,150 -33.5,150 -37,150 -40.5,150 -44,150 -47.5,150 -51,150 -54.5,150 -58,150 -61.5,150 -65,135 -65,120 -65,105 -65,90 -65,75 -65,60 -65,45 -65,30 -65,15 -65,0 -65,0 -61.5,0 -58,0 -54.5,0 -51,0 -47.5,0 -44,0 -40.5,0 -37,0 -33.5,0 -30))", "dataset_titles": null, "datasets": null, "date_created": "Wed, 16 Jun 2021 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "We propose to better characterize the role of eddies in wintertime air-sea carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean using two autonomous sailing vehicles called Saildrones during austral winter 2021. The Saildrones will carry sensors to directly measure atmospheric and oceanic concentrations of CO2 (pCO2), atmospheric pressure, and wind speed to allow calculation of air-sea CO2 flux at 5-km resolution and similar accuracy to an underway ship-based measurement. The Saildrone data from this mission, a 2019 mission, and BGC Argo float data from 2014\u20132020 will be co-located with eddies derived from satellite altimetry to quantify the relationships between eddies and ocean carbon content. The overall objectives of this project are to determine the relationship between wintertime pCO2 variability and the presence and structure of eddies and to use these relationships to create a better representation of mesoscale variability in Southern Ocean CO2 flux.\r\n", "east": 150.0, "geometry": "POINT(75 -47.5)", "instruments": null, "is_usap_dc": true, "keywords": "USA/NSF; OCEAN MIXED LAYER; Southern Ocean; SHIPS; PH; OCEAN CHEMISTRY; CO2; Argo Float; DISSOLVED GASES; USAP-DC; Saildrone; AMD; Amd/Us", "locations": "Southern Ocean", "north": -30.0, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Williams, Nancy; Chambers, Don; Lindstrom, Eric; Carter, Brendan", "platforms": "WATER-BASED PLATFORMS \u003e VESSELS \u003e SURFACE \u003e SHIPS", "repositories": null, "science_programs": null, "south": -65.0, "title": "The Role of Cyclonic Upwelling Eddies in Southern Ocean CO2 Flux", "uid": "p0010191", "west": 0.0}, {"awards": "1744755 Ito, Takamitsu", "bounds_geometry": "POLYGON((-80 -45,-75 -45,-70 -45,-65 -45,-60 -45,-55 -45,-50 -45,-45 -45,-40 -45,-35 -45,-30 -45,-30 -47.5,-30 -50,-30 -52.5,-30 -55,-30 -57.5,-30 -60,-30 -62.5,-30 -65,-30 -67.5,-30 -70,-35 -70,-40 -70,-45 -70,-50 -70,-55 -70,-60 -70,-65 -70,-70 -70,-75 -70,-80 -70,-80 -67.5,-80 -65,-80 -62.5,-80 -60,-80 -57.5,-80 -55,-80 -52.5,-80 -50,-80 -47.5,-80 -45))", "dataset_titles": null, "datasets": null, "date_created": "Tue, 23 Mar 2021 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "Current generation of coupled climate models, that are used to make climate projections, lack the resolution to adequately resolve ocean mesoscale (10 - 100km) processes, exhibiting significant biases in the ocean carbon uptake. Mesoscale processes include many features including jets, fronts and eddies that are crucial for bio-physical interactions, air-sea CO2 exchange and the supply of iron to the surface ocean. This modeling project will support the eddy resolving regional simulations to understand the mechanisms that drives bio-physical interaction and air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide. ", "east": -30.0, "geometry": "POINT(-55 -57.5)", "instruments": null, "is_usap_dc": true, "keywords": "COMPUTERS; OCEAN CHEMISTRY; Drake Passage; AMD; USA/NSF; USAP-DC; Air-Sea Carbon Transfer; Amd/Us", "locations": "Drake Passage", "north": -45.0, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Ito, Takamitsu", "platforms": "OTHER \u003e MODELS \u003e COMPUTERS", "repositories": null, "science_programs": null, "south": -70.0, "title": "A mechanistic study of bio-physical interaction and air-sea carbon transfer in the Southern Ocean", "uid": "p0010166", "west": -80.0}, {"awards": "1743035 Saba, Grace", "bounds_geometry": "POLYGON((164 -72.2,165 -72.2,166 -72.2,167 -72.2,168 -72.2,169 -72.2,170 -72.2,171 -72.2,172 -72.2,173 -72.2,174 -72.2,174 -72.74,174 -73.28,174 -73.82,174 -74.36,174 -74.9,174 -75.44,174 -75.98,174 -76.52,174 -77.06,174 -77.6,173 -77.6,172 -77.6,171 -77.6,170 -77.6,169 -77.6,168 -77.6,167 -77.6,166 -77.6,165 -77.6,164 -77.6,164 -77.06,164 -76.52,164 -75.98,164 -75.44,164 -74.9,164 -74.36,164 -73.82,164 -73.28,164 -72.74,164 -72.2))", "dataset_titles": "Grazing rates of Euphausia crystallorophias from RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer NBP1801 in the Ross Sea, Jan.-Feb. 2018; NBP1801 Expedition data; ru32-20180109T0531; Zooplankton abundance from Isaacs-Kid Midwater Trawl (IKMT) hauls from RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer NBP1801 in the Ross Sea, Jan.-Feb. 2018; Zooplankton abundance from ring net tows from RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer NBP1801 in the Ross Sea, January 2018", "datasets": [{"dataset_uid": "200139", "doi": "10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.792478.1", "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "BCO-DMO", "science_program": null, "title": "Grazing rates of Euphausia crystallorophias from RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer NBP1801 in the Ross Sea, Jan.-Feb. 2018", "url": "https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/792478"}, {"dataset_uid": "200137", "doi": "10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.789299.1", "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "BCO-DMO", "science_program": null, "title": "Zooplankton abundance from ring net tows from RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer NBP1801 in the Ross Sea, January 2018", "url": "https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/789299"}, {"dataset_uid": "200138", "doi": "10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.792385.1", "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "BCO-DMO", "science_program": null, "title": "Zooplankton abundance from Isaacs-Kid Midwater Trawl (IKMT) hauls from RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer NBP1801 in the Ross Sea, Jan.-Feb. 2018", "url": "https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/792385"}, {"dataset_uid": "200056", "doi": "10.7284/907753", "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "R2R", "science_program": null, "title": "NBP1801 Expedition data", "url": "https://www.rvdata.us/search/cruise/NBP1801"}, {"dataset_uid": "200140", "doi": "", "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "ERDDAP", "science_program": null, "title": "ru32-20180109T0531", "url": "http://slocum-data.marine.rutgers.edu/erddap/tabledap/ru32-20180109T0531-profile-sci-delayed.html"}], "date_created": "Thu, 27 Feb 2020 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "Terra Nova Bay (western Ross Sea, Antarctica) supports dense populations of several key species in the Ross Sea food web, including copepods, crystal krill (Euphausia crystallorophias), Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum), and colonies of Ad\u00e9lie and Emperor penguins that feed primarily on crystal krill and silverfish. Absent from our understanding of the Ross Sea food web is zooplankton and silverfish mesoscale distribution, spatial structure of age/maturity classes, and their interactions with physical drivers and each other. The quantitative linkages between primary producers and the higher trophic levels, specifically, the processes responsible for the regulation of abundance and rates of middle trophic levels dominated by copepods and crystal krill (Euphausia crystallorophias), is virtually unknown. Given that the next century will see extensive changes in the Ross Sea\u2019s ice distributions and oceanography as a result of climate change, understanding the basic controls of zooplankton and silverfish abundance and distribution is essential. \r\nDuring a January \u2013 March 2018 cruise in the western Ross Sea, we deployed a glider equipped with an echo sounder (Acoustic Zooplankton Fish Profiler) that simultaneously measured depth, temperature, conductivity, chlorophyll fluorescence, and dissolved oxygen. Additionally, net tows, mid-water trawls, and crystal krill grazing experiments were conducted. Our study provided the first glider-based acoustic assessment of simultaneous distributions of multiple trophic levels in the Ross Sea, from which predator-prey interactions and the relationships between organisms and physics drivers (sea ice, circulation features) were investigated. We illustrated high variability in ocean physics, phytoplankton biomass, and crystal krill biomass and aggregation over time and between locations within Terra Nova Bay. Biomass of krill was highest in locations characterized by deeper mixed layers and highest integrated chlorophyll concentrations. Krill aggregations were consistently located at depth well below the mixed layer and chlorophyll maximum. Experiments investigating krill grazing, in combination with krill depth distributions relative to chlorophyll biomass, illuminate high krill grazing rates could be attributed to the occupation of a unique niche whereby they are opportunistically feeding on sinking high concentrations of detritus derived from surface blooms. The information on the abundance, distribution, and interactions of key species in multiple trophic levels resulting from this project provide a conceptual background to understand how this ecosystem might respond to future conditions under climate change.\r\nOur project tested the capability of a multi-frequency echo sounder on a glider for the first time. The production of consistent, vertically-resolved, high resolution glider-based acoustic measurements will pave the way for cost-effective, automated examination of entire food webs and ecosystems in regions all over the global ocean. A wide range of users including academic and government scientists, ecosystem-based fisheries managers, and monitoring programs including those conducted by OOI, IOOS, and NOAA will benefit from this project. This project also provided the opportunity to focus on broadening participation in research and articulating the societal benefits through education and innovative outreach programs. A data set from this project is being included in the new NSF-funded Polar CAP initiative, that will be used by a diverse and young audience to increase understanding of the polar system and the ability to reason with data. Finally, this project provided a unique field opportunity and excellent hand-on training for a post-doctoral researcher, a graduate student, and two undergraduate students.", "east": 174.0, "geometry": "POINT(169 -74.9)", "instruments": "NOT APPLICABLE \u003e NOT APPLICABLE \u003e NOT APPLICABLE", "is_usap_dc": true, "keywords": "NOT APPLICABLE; FISH; Terra Nova Bay; AQUATIC SCIENCES; PELAGIC; PLANKTON; USAP-DC; ANIMALS/VERTEBRATES", "locations": "Terra Nova Bay", "north": -72.2, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Instrumentation and Support; Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Saba, Grace", "platforms": "OTHER \u003e NOT APPLICABLE \u003e NOT APPLICABLE", "repo": "BCO-DMO", "repositories": "BCO-DMO; ERDDAP; R2R", "science_programs": null, "south": -77.6, "title": "Using Bio-acoustics on an Autonomous Surveying Platform for the Examination of Phytoplankton-zooplankton and Fish Interactions in the Western Ross Sea", "uid": "p0010086", "west": 164.0}, {"awards": "1341496 Girton, James", "bounds_geometry": "POLYGON((-142 -66,-135.3 -66,-128.6 -66,-121.9 -66,-115.2 -66,-108.5 -66,-101.8 -66,-95.1 -66,-88.4 -66,-81.7 -66,-75 -66,-75 -66.8,-75 -67.6,-75 -68.4,-75 -69.2,-75 -70,-75 -70.8,-75 -71.6,-75 -72.4,-75 -73.2,-75 -74,-81.7 -74,-88.4 -74,-95.1 -74,-101.8 -74,-108.5 -74,-115.2 -74,-121.9 -74,-128.6 -74,-135.3 -74,-142 -74,-142 -73.2,-142 -72.4,-142 -71.6,-142 -70.8,-142 -70,-142 -69.2,-142 -68.4,-142 -67.6,-142 -66.8,-142 -66))", "dataset_titles": "Bottom Photographs from the Antarctic Peninsula acquired during R/V Laurence M. Gould expedition LMG1703; Expedition Data; Expedition data of NBP1701", "datasets": [{"dataset_uid": "601302", "doi": null, "keywords": "Antarctica; Antarctic Peninsula; Benthic Images; Benthos; Biota; LMG1708; Oceans; Photo; Photo/video; Photo/Video; R/v Laurence M. Gould; Ship; Yoyo Camera", "people": "Girton, James", "repository": "USAP-DC", "science_program": null, "title": "Bottom Photographs from the Antarctic Peninsula acquired during R/V Laurence M. Gould expedition LMG1703", "url": "https://www.usap-dc.org/view/dataset/601302"}, {"dataset_uid": "002661", "doi": null, "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "R2R", "science_program": null, "title": "Expedition data of NBP1701", "url": "https://www.rvdata.us/search/cruise/NBP1701"}, {"dataset_uid": "001369", "doi": "", "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "R2R", "science_program": null, "title": "Expedition Data", "url": "https://www.rvdata.us/search/cruise/NBP1701"}], "date_created": "Tue, 10 Dec 2019 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "Current oceanographic interest in the interaction of relatively warm water of the Southern Ocean Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) as it moves southward to the frigid waters of the Antarctic continental shelves is based on the potential importance of heat transport from the global ocean to the base of continental ice shelves. This is needed to understand the longer term mass balance of the continent, the stability of the vast Antarctic ice sheets and the rate at which sea-level will rise in a warming world. Improved observational knowledge of the mechanisms of how warming CDW moves across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is needed. Understanding this dynamical transport, believed to take place through the eddy flux of time-varying mesoscale circulation features, will improve coupled ocean-atmospheric climate models. The development of the next generation of coupled ocean-ice-climate models help us understand future changes in atmospheric heat fluxes, glacial and sea-ice balance, and changes in the Antarctic ecosystems. A recurring obstacle to our understanding is the lack of data in this distant region. In this project, a total of 10 subsurface profiling EM-APEX floats adapted to operate under sea ice were launched in 12 missions (and 2 recoveries) from 4 cruises of opportunity to the Amundsen Sea sector of the Antarctic continental margin during Austral summer. The floats were launched south of the Polar Front and measured shear, turbulence, temperature, and salinity to 2000m depth for 1-2 year missions while drifting with the CDW layer between profiles.", "east": -75.0, "geometry": "POINT(-108.5 -70)", "instruments": "IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e PROFILERS/SOUNDERS \u003e CTD; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e CHEMICAL METERS/ANALYZERS \u003e FLUOROMETERS; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e MAGNETIC/MOTION SENSORS \u003e GRAVIMETERS \u003e GRAVIMETERS; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e RECORDERS/LOGGERS \u003e AWS; EARTH REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTS \u003e PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING \u003e POSITIONING/NAVIGATION \u003e GPS \u003e GPS; EARTH REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTS \u003e ACTIVE REMOTE SENSING \u003e PROFILERS/SOUNDERS \u003e ACOUSTIC SOUNDERS \u003e ECHO SOUNDERS; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e PROFILERS/SOUNDERS \u003e ACOUSTIC SOUNDERS \u003e MBES; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e PROFILERS/SOUNDERS \u003e THERMOSALINOGRAPHS; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e PHOTON/OPTICAL DETECTORS \u003e CAMERAS \u003e CAMERA", "is_usap_dc": true, "keywords": "OCEAN TEMPERATURE; R/V NBP; USAP-DC; ICE DEPTH/THICKNESS; HEAT FLUX; OCEAN CURRENTS; SALINITY/DENSITY; LMG1703; Bellingshausen Sea; Yoyo Camera; WATER MASSES; R/V LMG; NBP1701", "locations": "Bellingshausen Sea", "north": -66.0, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Girton, James; Rynearson, Tatiana", "platforms": "WATER-BASED PLATFORMS \u003e VESSELS \u003e SURFACE \u003e R/V LMG; WATER-BASED PLATFORMS \u003e VESSELS \u003e SURFACE \u003e R/V NBP", "repo": "USAP-DC", "repositories": "R2R; USAP-DC", "science_programs": null, "south": -74.0, "title": "Collaborative Research: Pathways of Circumpolar Deep Water to West Antarctica from Profiling Float and Satellite Measurements", "uid": "p0010074", "west": -142.0}, {"awards": "1425989 Sarmiento, Jorge", "bounds_geometry": "POLYGON((-180 -52.6153,-168.67689 -52.6153,-157.35378 -52.6153,-146.03067 -52.6153,-134.70756 -52.6153,-123.38445 -52.6153,-112.06134 -52.6153,-100.73823 -52.6153,-89.41512 -52.6153,-78.09201 -52.6153,-66.7689 -52.6153,-66.7689 -55.18958,-66.7689 -57.76386,-66.7689 -60.33814,-66.7689 -62.91242,-66.7689 -65.4867,-66.7689 -68.06098,-66.7689 -70.63526,-66.7689 -73.20954,-66.7689 -75.78382,-66.7689 -78.3581,-78.09201 -78.3581,-89.41512 -78.3581,-100.73823 -78.3581,-112.06134 -78.3581,-123.38445 -78.3581,-134.70756 -78.3581,-146.03067 -78.3581,-157.35378 -78.3581,-168.67689 -78.3581,180 -78.3581,178.62318 -78.3581,177.24636 -78.3581,175.86954 -78.3581,174.49272 -78.3581,173.1159 -78.3581,171.73908 -78.3581,170.36226 -78.3581,168.98544 -78.3581,167.60862 -78.3581,166.2318 -78.3581,166.2318 -75.78382,166.2318 -73.20954,166.2318 -70.63526,166.2318 -68.06098,166.2318 -65.4867,166.2318 -62.91242,166.2318 -60.33814,166.2318 -57.76386,166.2318 -55.18958,166.2318 -52.6153,167.60862 -52.6153,168.98544 -52.6153,170.36226 -52.6153,171.73908 -52.6153,173.1159 -52.6153,174.49272 -52.6153,175.86954 -52.6153,177.24636 -52.6153,178.62318 -52.6153,-180 -52.6153))", "dataset_titles": "Biogeochemical profiling float data from the Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observation and Modeling (SOCCOM) program.UCSD Research Data Collections DOI:10.6075/J09021PC; Expedition Data; Model output NOAA GFDL CM2_6 Cant Hant storage", "datasets": [{"dataset_uid": "601144", "doi": "10.15784/601144", "keywords": "Antarctica; Anthropogenic Heat; Atmosphere; Carbon Storage; Climate Change; Eddy; Glaciers/ice Sheet; Glaciers/Ice Sheet; Glaciology; Heat Budget; Modeling; Model Output; Oceans; Paleoclimate; Snow/ice; Snow/Ice; Southern Ocean", "people": "Chen, Haidi", "repository": "USAP-DC", "science_program": null, "title": "Model output NOAA GFDL CM2_6 Cant Hant storage", "url": "https://www.usap-dc.org/view/dataset/601144"}, {"dataset_uid": "001369", "doi": "", "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "R2R", "science_program": null, "title": "Expedition Data", "url": "https://www.rvdata.us/search/cruise/NBP1701"}, {"dataset_uid": "000208", "doi": "", "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "PI website", "science_program": null, "title": "Biogeochemical profiling float data from the Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observation and Modeling (SOCCOM) program.UCSD Research Data Collections DOI:10.6075/J09021PC", "url": "http://library.ucsd.edu/dc/object/bb66239018"}], "date_created": "Fri, 29 Dec 2017 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM) project seeks to drive a transformative shift in our understanding of the crucial role of the Southern Ocean in taking up anthropogenic carbon and heat, and resupplying nutrients from the abyss to the surface. An observational program will generate vast amounts of new biogeochemical data that will provide a greatly improved view of the dynamics and ecosystem responses of the Southern Ocean. A modeling component will apply these observations to enhancing understanding of the current ocean, reducing uncertainty in projections of future carbon and nutrient cycles and climate.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eBecause it serves as the primary gateway through which the intermediate, deep, and bottom waters of the ocean interact with the surface layers and thus the atmosphere, the Southern Ocean has a profound influence on the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon and heat as well as nutrient resupply from the abyss to the surface. Yet it is the least observed and understood region of the world ocean. The oceanographic community is on the cusp of two major advances that have the potential to transform understanding of the Southern Ocean. The first is the development of new biogeochemical sensors mounted on autonomous profiling floats that allow sampling of ocean biogeochemistry and acidification in 3-dimensional space with a temporal resolution of five to ten days. The SOCCOM float program proposed will increase the average number of biogeochemical profiles measured per month in the Southern Ocean by ~10-30x. The second is that the climate modeling community now has the computational resources and physical understanding to develop fully coupled climate models that can represent crucial mesoscale processes in the Southern Ocean, as well as corresponding models that assimilate observations to produce a state estimate. Together with the observations, this new generation of models provides the tools to vastly improve understanding of Southern Ocean processes and the ability to quantitatively assess uptake of anthropogenic carbon and heat, as well as nutrient resupply, both today and into the future.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eIn order to take advantage of the above technological and modeling breakthroughs, SOCCOM will implement the following research programs:\u003cbr/\u003e* Theme 1: Observations. Scripps Institution of Oceanography will lead a field program to expand the number of Southern Ocean autonomous profiling floats and equip them with sensors to measure pH, nitrate, and oxygen. The University of Washington and Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute will design, build, and oversee deployment of the floats. Scripps will also develop a mesoscale eddying Southern Ocean state estimate that assimilates physical and biogeochemical data into the MIT ocean general circulation model.\u003cbr/\u003e* Theme 2: Modeling. University of Arizona and Princeton University, together with NOAA\u0027s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), will use SOCCOM observations to develop data/model assessment metrics and next-generation model analysis and evaluation, with the goal of improving process level understanding and reducing the uncertainty in projections of our future climate.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eLed by Climate Central, an independent, non-profit journalism and research organization that promotes understanding of climate science, SOCCOM will collaborate with educators and media professionals to inform policymakers and the public about the challenges of climate change and its impacts on marine life in the context of the Southern Ocean. In addition, the integrated team of SOCCOM scientists and educators will:\u003cbr/\u003e* communicate data and results of the SOCCOM efforts quickly to the public through established data networks, publications, broadcast media, and a public portal;\u003cbr/\u003e* train a new generation of diverse ocean scientists, including undergraduate students, graduate students, and postdoctoral fellows versed in field techniques, data calibration, modeling, and communication of research to non-scientists;\u003cbr/\u003e* transfer new sensor technology and related software to autonomous instrument providers and manufacturers to ensure that they become widely useable.", "east": -66.7689, "geometry": "POINT(-130.26855 -65.4867)", "instruments": "IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e PROFILERS/SOUNDERS \u003e CTD; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e CHEMICAL METERS/ANALYZERS \u003e FLUOROMETERS; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e MAGNETIC/MOTION SENSORS \u003e GRAVIMETERS \u003e GRAVIMETERS; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e RECORDERS/LOGGERS \u003e AWS; EARTH REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTS \u003e PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING \u003e POSITIONING/NAVIGATION \u003e GPS \u003e GPS; EARTH REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTS \u003e ACTIVE REMOTE SENSING \u003e PROFILERS/SOUNDERS \u003e ACOUSTIC SOUNDERS \u003e ECHO SOUNDERS; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e PROFILERS/SOUNDERS \u003e ACOUSTIC SOUNDERS \u003e MBES; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e PROFILERS/SOUNDERS \u003e THERMOSALINOGRAPHS", "is_usap_dc": true, "keywords": "USAP-DC; R/V NBP; NBP1701; CLIMATE MODELS", "locations": null, "north": -52.6153, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Instrumentation and Support; Antarctic Integrated System Science; Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Sarmiento, Jorge; Rynearson, Tatiana", "platforms": "OTHER \u003e MODELS \u003e CLIMATE MODELS; WATER-BASED PLATFORMS \u003e VESSELS \u003e SURFACE \u003e R/V NBP", "repo": "USAP-DC", "repositories": "PI website; R2R; USAP-DC", "science_programs": null, "south": -78.3581, "title": "Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM)", "uid": "p0000197", "west": 166.2318}, {"awards": "0944165 McGillicuddy, Dennis; 0944254 Smith, Walker", "bounds_geometry": "POLYGON((168 -65,168.2 -65,168.4 -65,168.6 -65,168.8 -65,169 -65,169.2 -65,169.4 -65,169.6 -65,169.8 -65,170 -65,170 -65,170 -65,170 -65,170 -65,170 -65,170 -65,170 -65,170 -65,170 -65,170 -65,169.8 -65,169.6 -65,169.4 -65,169.2 -65,169 -65,168.8 -65,168.6 -65,168.4 -65,168.2 -65,168 -65,168 -65,168 -65,168 -65,168 -65,168 -65,168 -65,168 -65,168 -65,168 -65,168 -65))", "dataset_titles": "Data from expdition NBP1201; Expedition Data; Project data: Processes Regulating Iron Supply at the Mesoscale - Ross Sea", "datasets": [{"dataset_uid": "001442", "doi": "", "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "R2R", "science_program": null, "title": "Expedition Data", "url": "https://www.rvdata.us/search/cruise/NBP1201"}, {"dataset_uid": "000155", "doi": "", "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "BCO-DMO", "science_program": null, "title": "Project data: Processes Regulating Iron Supply at the Mesoscale - Ross Sea", "url": "http://www.bco-dmo.org/project/2155"}, {"dataset_uid": "000156", "doi": "", "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "BCO-DMO", "science_program": null, "title": "Data from expdition NBP1201", "url": "http://www.bco-dmo.org/deployment/506350"}], "date_created": "Wed, 08 Jul 2015 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "The Ross Sea continental shelf is one of the most productive areas in the Southern Ocean, and may comprise a significant, but unaccounted for, oceanic CO2 sink, largely driven by phytoplankton production. The processes that control the magnitude of primary production in this region are not well understood, but data suggest that iron limitation is a factor. Field observations and model simulations indicate four potential sources of dissolved iron to surface waters of the Ross Sea: (1) circumpolar deep water intruding from the shelf edge; (2) sediments on shallow banks and nearshore areas; (3) melting sea ice around the perimeter of the polynya; and (4) glacial meltwater from the Ross Ice Shelf. The principal investigators hypothesize that hydrodynamic transport via mesoscale currents, fronts, and eddies facilitate the supply of dissolved iron from these four sources to the surface waters of the Ross Sea polynya. These hypotheses will be tested through a combination of in situ observations and numerical modeling, complemented by satellite remote sensing. In situ observations will be obtained during a month-long cruise in the austral summer. The field data will be incorporated into model simulations, which allow quantification of the relative contributions of the various hypothesized iron supply mechanisms, and assessment of their impact on primary production. The research will provide new insights and a mechanistic understanding of the complex oceanographic phenomena that regulate iron supply, primary production, and biogeochemical cycling. The research will thus form the basis for predictions about how this system may change in a warming climate. The broader impacts include training of graduate and undergraduate students, international collaboration, and partnership with several ongoing outreach programs that address scientific research in the Southern Ocean. The research also will contribute to the goals of the international research programs ICED (Integrated Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics) and GEOTRACES (Biogeochemical cycling and trace elements in the marine environment).", "east": 170.0, "geometry": "POINT(169 -65)", "instruments": "IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e CHEMICAL METERS/ANALYZERS \u003e FLUOROMETERS; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e MAGNETIC/MOTION SENSORS \u003e GRAVIMETERS \u003e GRAVIMETERS; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e PROFILERS/SOUNDERS \u003e PROFILERS; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e RECORDERS/LOGGERS \u003e AWS; EARTH REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTS \u003e PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING \u003e POSITIONING/NAVIGATION \u003e GPS \u003e GPS; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e PROFILERS/SOUNDERS \u003e XBT; EARTH REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTS \u003e ACTIVE REMOTE SENSING \u003e PROFILERS/SOUNDERS \u003e ACOUSTIC SOUNDERS \u003e ECHO SOUNDERS; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e PROFILERS/SOUNDERS \u003e ACOUSTIC SOUNDERS \u003e MBES; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e PROFILERS/SOUNDERS \u003e THERMOSALINOGRAPHS", "is_usap_dc": true, "keywords": "R/V NBP; Not provided", "locations": null, "north": -65.0, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems; Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Smith, Walker; McGillicuddy, Dennis", "platforms": "Not provided; WATER-BASED PLATFORMS \u003e VESSELS \u003e SURFACE \u003e R/V NBP", "repo": "R2R", "repositories": "BCO-DMO; R2R", "science_programs": null, "south": -65.0, "title": "Collaborative Research: Impact of Mesoscale Processes on Iron Supply and Phytoplankton Dynamics in the Ross Sea", "uid": "p0000330", "west": 168.0}, {"awards": "0444134 Mitchell, B. Gregory", "bounds_geometry": null, "dataset_titles": "Expedition data of NBP0606", "datasets": [{"dataset_uid": "002646", "doi": null, "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "R2R", "science_program": null, "title": "Expedition data of NBP0606", "url": "https://www.rvdata.us/search/cruise/NBP0606"}], "date_created": "Tue, 04 May 2010 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "The Shackleton Fracture Zone (SFZ) in Drake Passage of the Southern Ocean defines a boundary between low and high phytoplankton waters. Low chlorophyll water flowing through the southern Drake Passage emerges as high chlorophyll water to the east, and recent evidence indicates that the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front (SACCF) is steered south of the SFZ onto the Antarctic Peninsula shelf where mixing between the water types occurs. The mixed water is then advected off-shelf with elevated iron and phytoplankton biomass. The SFZ is therefore an ideal natural laboratory to improve the understanding of plankton community responses to natural iron fertilization, and how these processes influence export of organic carbon to the ocean interior. The bathymetry of the region is hypothesized to influence mesoscale circulation and transport of iron, leading to the observed patterns in phytoplankton biomass. The position of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is further hypothesized to influence the magnitude of the flow of ACC water onto the peninsula shelf, mediating the amount of iron transported into the Scotia Sea. To address these hypotheses, a research cruise will be conducted near the SFZ and to the east in the southern Scotia Sea. A mesoscale station grid for vertical profiles, water sampling, and bottle incubation enrichment experiments will complement rapid surface surveys of chemical, plankton, and hydrographic properties. Distributions of manganese, aluminum and radium isotopes will be determined to trace iron sources and estimate mixing rates. Phytoplankton and bacterial physiological states (including responses to iron enrichment) and the structure of the plankton communities will be studied. The primary goal is to better understand how plankton productivity, community structure and export production in the Southern Ocean are affected by the coupling between bathymetry, mesoscale circulation, and distributions of limiting nutrients. The proposed work represents an interdisciplinary approach to address the fundamental physical, chemical and biological processes that contribute to the abrupt transition in chl-a which occurs near the SFZ. Given recent indications that the Southern Ocean is warming, it is important to advance the understanding of conditions that regulate the present ecosystem structure in order to predict the effects of climate variability. This project will promote training and learning across a broad spectrum of groups. Funds are included to support postdocs, graduate students, and undergraduates. In addition, this project will contribute to the development of content for the Polar Science Station website, which has been a resource since 2001 for instructors and students in adult education, home schooling, tribal schools, corrections education, family literacy programs, and the general public.", "east": null, "geometry": null, "instruments": "IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e PROFILERS/SOUNDERS \u003e ACOUSTIC SOUNDERS \u003e MSBS", "is_usap_dc": false, "keywords": "R/V NBP", "locations": null, "north": null, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Mitchell, B.", "platforms": "WATER-BASED PLATFORMS \u003e VESSELS \u003e SURFACE \u003e R/V NBP", "repo": "R2R", "repositories": "R2R", "science_programs": null, "south": null, "title": "Collaborative Research: Plankton Community Structure and Iron Distribution in the Southern Drake Passage and Scotia Sea", "uid": "p0000837", "west": null}, {"awards": "9910102 Padman, Laurence", "bounds_geometry": null, "dataset_titles": "Expedition data of NBP0104; Expedition data of NBP0202; Expedition data of NBP0204", "datasets": [{"dataset_uid": "002643", "doi": null, "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "R2R", "science_program": null, "title": "Expedition data of NBP0204", "url": "https://www.rvdata.us/search/cruise/NBP0204"}, {"dataset_uid": "002597", "doi": null, "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "R2R", "science_program": null, "title": "Expedition data of NBP0204", "url": "https://www.rvdata.us/search/cruise/NBP0204"}, {"dataset_uid": "002606", "doi": null, "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "R2R", "science_program": null, "title": "Expedition data of NBP0104", "url": "https://www.rvdata.us/search/cruise/NBP0104"}, {"dataset_uid": "002586", "doi": null, "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "R2R", "science_program": null, "title": "Expedition data of NBP0202", "url": "https://www.rvdata.us/search/cruise/NBP0202"}, {"dataset_uid": "002657", "doi": null, "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "R2R", "science_program": null, "title": "Expedition data of NBP0104", "url": "https://www.rvdata.us/search/cruise/NBP0104"}], "date_created": "Tue, 04 May 2010 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "This project is a contribution to a coordinated attempt to understand the interactions of biological and physical dynamics by developing relationships among the evolution of the antarctic winter ice and snow cover, biological habitat variability, and the seasonal progression of marine ecological processes. The work will be carried out in the context of the Southern Ocean Experiment of the Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics Study (Globec), a large, multi-investigator study of the winter survival strategy of krill under the antarctic sea ice in the vicinity of Marguerite Bay on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThere are several aspects to this project: One is the collection, analysis, and archiving of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), and Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) data in order to characterize mesoscale circulation features and the regional hydrography. Another is to develop an accurate and fully validated model of tidal currents in Marguerite Bay. A third is to provide a data set of small-scale processes such as shear instabilities, tidal stirring, mesoscale eddies, and double diffusion, that are required for the effective parameterization of the vertical diffusivities of heat, salt, and nutrients. The results of this project will provide a unified data set that satisfies the data requirement of the coordinated chemical and biological studies which will link water column and sea ice processes with the biology of krill and its predators. The results further will help to link these winter observations to similar observations made in summer and elsewhere around Antarctic in the international context of the Globec program. The overall objective is to develop a comprehensive ecosystem model that will test our understanding of the system, determine its sensitivities, and to provide an organizing mechanism for integrating the Southern Ocean Globec observations. \u003cbr/\u003e***", "east": null, "geometry": null, "instruments": "IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e MAGNETIC/MOTION SENSORS \u003e GRAVIMETERS \u003e GRAVIMETERS", "is_usap_dc": false, "keywords": "R/V NBP", "locations": null, "north": null, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Padman, Laurence", "platforms": "WATER-BASED PLATFORMS \u003e VESSELS \u003e SURFACE \u003e R/V NBP", "repo": "R2R", "repositories": "R2R", "science_programs": null, "south": null, "title": "Mesoscale Circulation, Tides and Mixing on the Western Antarctic Peninsula Shelf: A Component of WINDSSOCK (ESR proposal #99-48)", "uid": "p0000806", "west": null}, {"awards": "9910164 Scheltema, Rudolf", "bounds_geometry": "POLYGON((-70.557 -52.351,-68.9316 -52.351,-67.3062 -52.351,-65.6808 -52.351,-64.0554 -52.351,-62.43 -52.351,-60.8046 -52.351,-59.1792 -52.351,-57.5538 -52.351,-55.9284 -52.351,-54.303 -52.351,-54.303 -53.60557,-54.303 -54.86014,-54.303 -56.11471,-54.303 -57.36928,-54.303 -58.62385,-54.303 -59.87842,-54.303 -61.13299,-54.303 -62.38756,-54.303 -63.64213,-54.303 -64.8967,-55.9284 -64.8967,-57.5538 -64.8967,-59.1792 -64.8967,-60.8046 -64.8967,-62.43 -64.8967,-64.0554 -64.8967,-65.6808 -64.8967,-67.3062 -64.8967,-68.9316 -64.8967,-70.557 -64.8967,-70.557 -63.64213,-70.557 -62.38756,-70.557 -61.13299,-70.557 -59.87842,-70.557 -58.62385,-70.557 -57.36928,-70.557 -56.11471,-70.557 -54.86014,-70.557 -53.60557,-70.557 -52.351))", "dataset_titles": "Expedition Data", "datasets": [{"dataset_uid": "001846", "doi": "", "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "R2R", "science_program": null, "title": "Expedition Data", "url": "https://www.rvdata.us/search/cruise/LMG0109"}], "date_created": "Tue, 04 May 2010 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "Because of the extreme isolation of Antarctica since the early Oligocene one can expect to encounter a unique invertebrate fauna with a high degree of endemism. Yet, some benthic taxa include from 20 to \u003e50 percent non-endemic species. To account for such species it has been proposed that an intermittent reciprocal exchange must occur between the antiboreal populations of South America and the Antarctic continent. One possible means by which the geographical distribution can be maintained and genetic exchange may be accomplished is by the passive dispersal of planktonic larvae. To show that such dispersal is actually accomplished it must be demonstrated that (1) larvae of sublittoral species actually are found within the Drake passage and that such larvae belong to species that occur both in the antiboreal South American and Antarctic faunas and (2) that a hydrographic mechanism exists that can explain how the passive transport of larvae may occur between the two continents. The proposed research will address these two requirements by making transects of plankton samples across the Drake passage and by examining the possibility of cross frontal exchange of larvae at the subantarctic and polar fronts of the Antarctic circumpolar current as well as the possible transport of larvae in mesoscale rings. The outcome may suggest species that in the future may profitably be examined using molecular techniques, comparing individuals from bottom populations of South America and Antarctica. The study necessarily must be of a very preliminary nature since the occurrence of planktonic larvae of sublittoral benthic species in the Drake Passage has never before been examined.", "east": -54.303, "geometry": "POINT(-62.43 -58.62385)", "instruments": null, "is_usap_dc": false, "keywords": "R/V LMG", "locations": null, "north": -52.351, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Scheltema, Rudolf; Veit, Richard", "platforms": "WATER-BASED PLATFORMS \u003e VESSELS \u003e SURFACE \u003e R/V LMG", "repo": "R2R", "repositories": "R2R", "science_programs": null, "south": -64.8967, "title": "SGER: Dispersal of Planktonic Invertebrate Larvae and the Biogeography of the Antarctic Benthos", "uid": "p0000602", "west": -70.557}, {"awards": "0444040 Zhou, Meng; 0230445 Measures, Christopher; 0443403 Measures, Christopher", "bounds_geometry": "POLYGON((-63 -60.3,-62 -60.3,-61 -60.3,-60 -60.3,-59 -60.3,-58 -60.3,-57 -60.3,-56 -60.3,-55 -60.3,-54 -60.3,-53 -60.3,-53 -60.77,-53 -61.24,-53 -61.71,-53 -62.18,-53 -62.65,-53 -63.12,-53 -63.59,-53 -64.06,-53 -64.53,-53 -65,-54 -65,-55 -65,-56 -65,-57 -65,-58 -65,-59 -65,-60 -65,-61 -65,-62 -65,-63 -65,-63 -64.53,-63 -64.06,-63 -63.59,-63 -63.12,-63 -62.65,-63 -62.18,-63 -61.71,-63 -61.24,-63 -60.77,-63 -60.3))", "dataset_titles": "Expedition Data", "datasets": [{"dataset_uid": "001663", "doi": "", "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "R2R", "science_program": null, "title": "Expedition Data", "url": "https://www.rvdata.us/search/cruise/LMG0402"}], "date_created": "Mon, 12 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "The Shackleton Fracture Zone (SFZ) in the Drake Passage defines a boundary between low and high phytoplankton waters. West of Drake Passage, Southern Ocean waters south of the Polar Front and north of the Antarctic continent shelf have very low satellite-derived surface chlorophyll concentrations. Chlorophyll and mesoscale eddy kinetic energy are higher east of SFZ compared to values west of the ridge. In situ data from a 10-year survey of the region as part of the National Marine Fisheries Service\u0027s Antarctic Marine Living Resources program confirm the existence of a strong hydrographic and chlorophyll gradient in the region. An interdisciplinary team of scientists hypothesizes that bathymetry, including the 2000 m deep SFZ, influences mesoscale circulation and transport of iron leading to the observed phytoplankton patterns. To address this\u003cbr/\u003ehypothesis, the team proposes to examine phytoplankton and bacterial physiological states (including responses to iron enrichment) and structure of the plankton communities from virus to zooplankton, the concentration and distribution of Fe, Mn, and Al, and mesoscale flow patterns near the SFZ. Relationships between iron concentrations and phytoplankton characteristics will be examined in the context of the mesoscale transport of trace nutrients to determine how much of the observed variability in phytoplankton biomass can be attributed to iron supply, and to determine the most important sources of iron to pelagic waters east of the Drake Passage. The goal is to better understand how plankton productivity and community structure in the Southern Ocean are affected by the coupling between bathymetry, mesoscale circulation, and limiting nutrient distributions.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThe research program includes rapid surface surveys of chemical, plankton, and hydrographic properties complemented by a mesoscale station grid for vertical profiles, water sampling, and bottle incubation enrichment experiments. Distributions of manganese and aluminum will be determined to help distinguish aeolian, continental shelf and upwelling sources of iron. The physiological state of the phytoplankton will be monitored by active fluorescence methods sensitive to the effects of iron limitation. Mass concentrations of pigment, carbon and nitrogen will be obtained by analysis of filtered samples, cell size distributions by flow cytometry, and species identification by microscopy. Primary production and photosynthesis parameters (absorption, quantum yields, variable fluorescence) will be measured on depth profiles, during surface surveys and on bulk samples from enrichment experiments. Viruses and bacteria will be examined for abundances, and bacterial production will be assessed in terms of whether it is limited by either iron or organic carbon sources. The proposed work will improve our understanding of processes controlling distributions of iron and the response of plankton communities in the Southern Ocean. This proposal also includes an outreach component comprised of Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU), Teachers Experiencing the Antarctic and Arctic (TEA), and the creation of an educational website and K-12 curricular modules based on the project.", "east": -53.0, "geometry": "POINT(-58 -62.65)", "instruments": "IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e PROFILERS/SOUNDERS \u003e CTD; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e PRESSURE/HEIGHT METERS \u003e PRESSURE SENSORS; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e PHOTON/OPTICAL DETECTORS \u003e TURBIDITY METERS; EARTH REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTS \u003e PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING \u003e POSITIONING/NAVIGATION \u003e GPS \u003e GPS; IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e PROFILERS/SOUNDERS \u003e ACOUSTIC SOUNDERS \u003e ADCP", "is_usap_dc": true, "keywords": "R/V LMG", "locations": null, "north": -60.3, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems; Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems; Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Measures, Christopher; Selph, Karen; Zhou, Meng", "platforms": "WATER-BASED PLATFORMS \u003e VESSELS \u003e SURFACE \u003e R/V LMG", "repo": "R2R", "repositories": "R2R", "science_programs": null, "south": -65.0, "title": "Collaborative Research: Plankton Community Structure and Iron Distribution in the Southern Drake Passage", "uid": "p0000585", "west": -63.0}, {"awards": "0337948 Bromwich, David", "bounds_geometry": "POLYGON((-180 -60,-144 -60,-108 -60,-72 -60,-36 -60,0 -60,36 -60,72 -60,108 -60,144 -60,180 -60,180 -63,180 -66,180 -69,180 -72,180 -75,180 -78,180 -81,180 -84,180 -87,180 -90,144 -90,108 -90,72 -90,36 -90,0 -90,-36 -90,-72 -90,-108 -90,-144 -90,-180 -90,-180 -87,-180 -84,-180 -81,-180 -78,-180 -75,-180 -72,-180 -69,-180 -66,-180 -63,-180 -60))", "dataset_titles": "Access to data", "datasets": [{"dataset_uid": "001778", "doi": "", "keywords": null, "people": null, "repository": "PI website", "science_program": null, "title": "Access to data", "url": "http://polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu/PolarMet/ant_hindcast.html"}], "date_created": "Thu, 02 Aug 2007 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "This award supports a comprehensive investigation of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the surface mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet and the governing mechanisms that affect it. A mesoscale atmospheric model, adapted for Antarctic conditions (Polar MM5), will be used in conjunction with the newly available reanalysis from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) to resolve the surface mass balance of Antarctica at a time resolution of 3 hours and a spatial resolution of 60 km from 1957 to 2001. Polar MM5 will be upgraded to account for key processes in the simulation, including explicit consideration of blowing snow transport and sublimation as well as surface melting/runoff. The proposed 45-y hindcast of all Antarctic surface mass balance components with a limited area model has not previously been attempted and will provide a dataset of unprecedented scope to complement existing ice core measurements of recent climate, especially those collected by the International Transantarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE). The trends and variability in space and time over 4.5 decades will be resolved and the impact of the dominant modes of atmospheric variability (Antarctic Oscillation, El Nino-Southern Oscillation, etc.) will be isolated. Hypotheses concerning the Antarctic surface mass balance response to climate change will be tested. The research will provide a sound basis for evaluating the impact of future climate change on Antarctic surface mass balance and its contribution to global sea level change as well as providing an important perspective for the interpretation of Antarctic ice core records. The broader impacts include the education of a Ph.D. student, the development of material for use in university classes, and construction of an interactive educational webpage on Antarctic surface mass balance.", "east": 180.0, "geometry": "POINT(0 -89.999)", "instruments": "IN SITU/LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS \u003e RECORDERS/LOGGERS \u003e MMS", "is_usap_dc": false, "keywords": "El Nino-Southern Oscillation; ITASE; Atmospheric Model; Enso; Not provided; Antarctic Oscillation; Mesoscale; Antarctic; Polar Mm5; Climate", "locations": "Antarctic", "north": -60.0, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Glaciology", "paleo_time": null, "persons": "Bromwich, David; Monaghan, Andrew", "platforms": "Not provided", "repo": "PI website", "repositories": "PI website", "science_programs": null, "south": -90.0, "title": "A 45-Y Hindcast of Antarctic Surface Mass Balance Using Polar MM5", "uid": "p0000722", "west": -180.0}]
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This research project will use specially designed autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to investigate interactions between Adelie and Gentoo penguins (the predators) and their primary food source, Antarctic krill (prey). While it has long been known that penguins feed on krill, details about how they search for food and target individual prey items is less well understood. Krill aggregate in large swarms, and the size or the depth of these swarms may influence the feeding behavior of penguins. Similarly, penguin feeding behaviors may differ based on characteristics of the environment, krill swarms, and the presence of other prey and predator species. This project will use specialized smart AUVs to simultaneously collect high-resolution observations of penguins, their prey, and environmental conditions. Data will shed light on strategies used by penguins prove foraging success during the critical summer chick-rearing period. This will improve predictions of how penguin populations may respond to changing environmental conditions in the rapidly warming Western Antarctic Peninsula region. Greater understanding of how individual behaviors shape food web structure can also inform conservation and management efforts in other marine ecosystems. This project has a robust public education and outreach plan linked with the Birch and Monterey Bay Aquariums.<br/><br/>Previous studies have shown that sub-mesoscale variability (1-10 km) in Antarctic krill densities and structure impact the foraging behavior of air-breathing predators. However, there is little understanding of how krill aggregation characteristics are linked to abundance on fine spatial scales, how these patterns are influenced by the habitat, or how prey characteristics influences the foraging behavior of predators. These data gaps remain because it is extremely challenging to collect detailed data on predators and prey simultaneously at the scale of an individual krill patch and single foraging event. Building on previously successful efforts, this project will integrate echosounders into autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), so that oceanographic variables and multi-frequency acoustic scattering from both prey and penguins can be collected simultaneously. This will allow for quantification of the environment at the scale of individual foraging events made by penguins during the critical 50+ day chick-rearing period. Work will be centered near Palmer Station, where long-term studies have provided significant insight into predator and prey population trends. The new data to be collected by this project will test hypotheses about how penguin prey selection and foraging behaviors are influenced by physical and biological features of their ocean habitat at extremely fine scale. By addressing the dynamic relationship between individual penguins, their prey, and habitat at the scale of individual foraging events, this study will begin to reveal the important processes regulating resource availability and identify what makes this region a profitable foraging habitat and breeding location.<br/><br/>This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.
The Weddell Gyre is one of the major components of the Southern Ocean circulation system, linking heat and carbon fluxes in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the continental margins. Water masses entering the Weddell Gyre are modified as they move in a great circular route around the gyre margin and change through processes involving air-sea-cryosphere interactions as well as through ocean eddies that mix properties across the gyre boundaries. Some of the denser water masses exit the gyre through pathways along the northern boundary, and ultimately ventilate the global deep ocean as Antarctic Bottom Water. While in-situ and satellite observations, as well as computer modeling efforts, provide estimates of the large-scale average flow within the gyre, details of the smaller-scale, or "mesoscale" eddy flow remain elusive. The proposed research will quantify mixing due to mesoscale eddies within the Weddell Gyre, as well as the transport of incoming deep water from the northeast, thought to be a result of transient eddies. Since the Weddell Gyre produces source water for about 40% of Antarctic Bottom Water formation, understanding the dynamics in this region helps to identify causes of documented changes in global bottom waters. This in turn, will give insight into how climate change is affecting global oceans, through modification of dense polar waters and Antarctic Bottom Water characteristics.
This project aims to track 153 RAFOS-enabled Argo floats in the ice-covered regions of the Weddell Gyre. The resultant tracks along with all available Argo and earlier float data will be used to calculate Eulerian and Lagrangian means and eddy statistics for the Weddell Gyre. The study will link RAFOS tracks with Argo profiles under ice, allowing one to characterize the importance of eddies in water column modification at critical ice-edge boundaries and leads. With RAFOS tracks near the northeastern limit of the gyre, the project will investigate the eddy-driven processes of incoming Circumpolar Deep Water, to understand better the mechanisms and volume fluxes involved. Previous work shows that a large fraction of the mean circulation in the southern and western limits of the gyre, where it contacts the Antarctic continent, occurs in a narrow boundary layer above the slope. The research here will integrate this flow structure into a complete interior and boundary layer mean circulation synthesis. The findings and products from the proposed work will improve the positioning of Argo profiles in the polar regions, which would allow for more accurate climatological maps and derived quantities. Estimates of meso-scale mixing may serve as a foundation for the development of new parameterization schemes employed in climate models, as well as local and global ocean circulation models in polar regions.
The Southern Ocean accounts for ~40% of the total ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO2 despite covering only 20% of the global ocean surface, and is particularly rich in long-lived eddies. These eddies, or large ocean whirlpools which can be observed from space, can alter air-sea fluxes of CO2 in ways that are not yet fully understood. New observations from autonomous platforms measuring ocean carbon content suggest that there is significant heterogeneity in ocean carbon fluxes which can be linked to these dynamic eddy features. Due to computational and time limitations, ocean eddies are not explicitly represented in most climate models, limiting our ability to understand the role eddies play in the ocean carbon cycle. This work will explore the impact of eddies on ocean carbon content and air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean using both model- and observation-based strategies and the findings will improve our understanding of the ocean’s role in the carbon cycle and in global climate. While this work will primarily be focused on the Southern Ocean, the results will be globally applicable. The researchers will also broaden interest in physical and chemical oceanography among middle school-age girls in the University of South Florida’s Oceanography Camp for Girls by augmenting existing lessons with computational methods in oceanography.
This project aims to quantify the impacts of mesoscale eddy processes on ocean carbon content and air-sea carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in the Southern Ocean. For the modeling component, the investigators will explore relationships between eddies, ocean carbon content, and air-sea CO2 fluxes within the 1/6-degree resolution Biogeochemical Southern Ocean State Estimate (B-SOSE). They investigators will produce high-resolution composites of the carbon content and physical structure within both cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies by region, quantify the influence of these eddies on the overall simulated air-sea CO2 flux, and diagnose the physical mechanisms driving this influence. For the observational component, the investigators will match eddies observed via satellite altimetry to ocean carbon observations and characterize observed relationships between eddies and ocean carbon content with a focus on Southern Ocean winter observations where light limits biological processes, allowing isolation of the contribution of physical processes. This work will also provide motivation for higher resolution and better eddy parameterizations in climate models, more mesoscale biogeochemical observations, and integration of satellite SSH data into efforts to map air-sea fluxes of CO2. Each summer, the PI delivers a lab lesson at the University of South Florida Oceanography Camp for Girls (OCG), recognized by NSF as a “Model STEM Program for Women and Girls” focused on broadening participation by placing emphasis on recruiting a diverse group of young women. As part of this project, the existing interactive Jupyter Notebook-based Python coding Lab lesson will be augmented with a B-SOSE-themed modeling component, which will broaden interest in physical and chemical oceanography and data science, and expose campers to computational methods in oceanography.
This research will take advantage of the greater number of Antarctic weather observations collected as part of the World Meteorological Organization's "Year of Polar Prediction". Researchers will use these additional observations to study new ways of incorporating data into existing weather prediction models. The primary goal of this research is to improve the accuracy of weather forecasts in Antarctica. This work is important, as the harsh weather in Antarctica greatly impacts scientific research and the support of this research. Being able to accurately predict changing weather increases the safety and efficiency of Antarctic field science and operations.
The proposed effort seeks to advance goals of the World Meteorological Organization's Polar Prediction Project and its Year of Polar Prediction-Southern Hemisphere (YOPP-SH) effort. Researchers will investigate and demonstrate the forecast impact of enhanced atmospheric observations obtained from YOPP-SH's Special Observing Period on polar numerical weather prediction. This will be done by using the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS). AMPS is the primary numerical weather prediction capability for the United States Antarctic Program (USAP). Modeling experimentation will assess the impact of Special Observing Period data on Antarctic forecasts and will serve as a vehicle for testing new data assimilation approaches for AMPS. The primary goal for this work is improved forecasting and numerical weather prediction tools. Outcomes will include quantification of the value of enhanced southern hemisphere atmospheric observations. This work will also help improve AMPS and its ability to support the USAP.
This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.
This project aims to quantify the impacts of mesoscale eddy processes on ocean carbon content and air-sea carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in the Southern Ocean. For the modeling component, the investigators will explore relationships between eddies, ocean carbon content, and air-sea CO2 fluxes within the 1/6-degree resolution Biogeochemical Southern Ocean State Estimate (B-SOSE). They investigators will produce high-resolution composites of the carbon content and physical structure within both cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies by region, quantify the influence of these eddies on the overall simulated air-sea CO2 flux, and diagnose the physical mechanisms driving this influence. For the observational component, the investigators will match eddies observed via satellite altimetry to ocean carbon observations and characterize observed relationships between eddies and ocean carbon content with a focus on Southern Ocean winter observations where light limits biological processes, allowing isolation of the contribution of physical processes. This work will also provide motivation for higher resolution and better eddy parameterizations in climate models, more mesoscale biogeochemical observations, and integration of satellite SSH data into efforts to map air-sea fluxes of CO2. Each summer, the PI delivers a lab lesson at the University of South Florida Oceanography Camp for Girls (OCG), recognized by NSF as a “Model STEM Program for Women and Girls” focused on broadening participation by placing emphasis on recruiting a diverse group of young women. As part of this project, the existing interactive Jupyter Notebook-based Python coding Lab lesson will be augmented with a B-SOSE-themed modeling component, which will broaden interest in physical and chemical oceanography and data science, and expose campers to computational methods in oceanography.
We will measure the surface energy balance on West Antarctica as it relates to atmospheric forcing of surface melt and hydrofracturing of ice shelves and grounding-line ice cliffs. In this program we build upon recent experience with a major campaign jointly supported by the US Antarctic Program (USAP) and US Department of Energy (DOE), the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) West Antarctic Radiation Experiment (AWARE). AWARE deployed a highly advanced suite of atmospheric and climate science instrumentation to McMurdo Station from December 2015 through December 2016, including spectral radiometers, research radars and lidars, and comprehensive meteorological equipment. AWARE also deployed a smaller suite of radiometers, lidars, and rawinsonde equipment to the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide Ice Camp during December 2015 and January 2016. This project’s principal investigator, Dr. Lubin (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, SIO), was the AWARE lead scientist. For this program we will deploy a suite instruments to measure downwelling and net shortwave and longwave fluxes, sensible and latent heat fluxes, and near-surface meteorology. This suite of instruments will be self-reliant with power requirements and will be supportable in the field with flexible resources, for example a single Twin Otter aircraft mission. These measurements will be analyzed and interpreted to determine synoptic and mesoscale conditions that govern surface melt in West Antarctica, in the context of improving coupled climate model parameterizations.
An observational campaign, focused on the atmospheric boundary layer over the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS), is planned. A robust set of year-round, autonomous, atmospheric and surface measurements, will be made using an instrumented 30-m tall tower (TT) at the WAIS divide field camp (WAIS TT). An unmanned aerial system (UAS) field campaign will be conducted and will supplement the WAIS TT observations by sampling the entire depth of the boundary layer.
The proposed work will create a unique dataset of year-round atmospheric boundary layer measurements from a portion of the Antarctic continent that has not previously been observed in this manner. The newly acquired dataset will be used to elucidate the processes that modulate the exchange of energy between the ice sheet surface and the overlying atmosphere, to assess the relationships
between near surface stability, winds, and radiative forcing, and to compare these relationships observed at the WAIS TT to those described for other portions of the Antarctic continent. The dataset will also be used to assess the ability of the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) operational weather forecasting model and current generation reanalyses to accurately represent surface and boundary layer processes in this region of Antarctica.
Intellectual Merit
The near surface atmosphere over West Antarctica is one of the fastest warming locations on the planet and this atmospheric warming, along with oceanic forcing, is contributing to ice sheet melt and rising sea levels. Recent reports from the National Research Council and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research have highlighted the critical nature of these aspects of the West Antarctic climate system.
The proposed research will advance our understanding of how the atmosphere exchanges heat, moisture, and momentum with the ice sheet surface in West Antarctica and will assess our ability to represent these processes in current generation numerical weather prediction and reanalysis products, by addressing the following scientific questions:
- How does the surface layer and lower portion of the atmospheric boundary layer in West Antarctica compare to that over the low elevation ice shelves and the high elevation East Antarctic plateau?
- What are the dominant factors that lead to warm episodes, and potentially periods of melt, over the West Antarctic ice sheet?
- How well do operational forecast models (AMPS) and reanalyses reproduce the observed near surface stability in West Antarctica?
- What are the sources of errors in the modeled near surface atmospheric stability of West Antarctica?
Broader Impacts:
Atmospheric warming and associated melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet has the potential to raise sea level by many meters. The proposed research will explore the processes that control this warming, and as such has broad societal relevance by providing improved understanding of the processes that could lead to large sea level rise.
Educational outreach activities will include classroom visits to K-12 schools and Skype sessions from Antarctica with students at these schools. Photographs, videos, and instrumentation used during this project will be brought to the classrooms. At the college and university level data from the project will be used in classes being developed as part of a new undergraduate atmospheric and oceanic science major at the University of Colorado and a graduate student will be support on this project.
Public outreach will be in the form of field blogs, media interviews, and either an article for a general interest scientific magazine, such as Scientific American, or as an electronically published book of Antarctic fieldwork photographs.
The Ross Island region of Antarctica is a topographically complex region that results in large variations in the mesoscale high wind and precipitation features across the region. The goals of this project are to increase the understanding of the three-dimensional structure of these mesoscale meteorology features. This project will leverage observations from the scanning X-band radar installed during the AWARE field campaign in 2016 and the installation of an EWR Radar Systems X-band scanning radar (E700XD) to be deployed during the 2019-20 field season.
Intellectual Merit:
The focus of the science will be on questions investigating the structure and forcing of mesoscale wind and precipitation features in the vicinity of McMurdo Station. In addition to the data from the X-band scanning radars, observations from surface-based automatic weather stations, radiosonde launches from McMurdo Station, the suite of AWARE observations, and archived forecasts from the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System will be used to provide verification and additional insights into the structure of these mesoscale features. The science questions to be addressed in this study are:
- What are the signatures of the mesoscale high wind features that are detectable by a scanning X-band, Doppler radar that can be used to aid in operational forecasting and to increase lead time of high wind event warnings for improved safety and logistics in the Ross Island region?
- How does the orientation of the mesoscale high wind events play a role in the determining the severity of the impacts of the high winds at logistically significant locations across the Ross Island region?
- What is the distribution of precipitation across the Ross Island region? Are there local topographic features that result in banding of precipitation across the region?
- What is the accuracy of AMPS in forecasting mesoscale precipitation and wind features across the Ross Island region during the main body season?
Broader Impacts:
The benefits of this project will extend beyond that of addressing the science questions and into improvements and increased data resources for the logistics, operational forecasting and research communities.
- Provide increased understanding and in-depth analysis of the mesoscale wind and precipitation features detectable using radar observations to be transferred to the NIWC forecasters resulting in increased awareness and training.
- With the comparison of the capabilities of the AWARE radar to that of the EWR Radar Systems E700XD the USAP can make an informed decision for the future purchase of a similar or different radar system for long-term deployment and use in forecasting for the region.
- Develop a robust and coordinated data archive of the EWR Radar Systems E700XD during the 2019-20 deployment to be shared and used by future research investigations.
- Provide insight, tools, and an outline for additional studies based on the remote sensing dataset collected during the AWARE project.
We propose to better characterize the role of eddies in wintertime air-sea carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean using two autonomous sailing vehicles called Saildrones during austral winter 2021. The Saildrones will carry sensors to directly measure atmospheric and oceanic concentrations of CO2 (pCO2), atmospheric pressure, and wind speed to allow calculation of air-sea CO2 flux at 5-km resolution and similar accuracy to an underway ship-based measurement. The Saildrone data from this mission, a 2019 mission, and BGC Argo float data from 2014–2020 will be co-located with eddies derived from satellite altimetry to quantify the relationships between eddies and ocean carbon content. The overall objectives of this project are to determine the relationship between wintertime pCO2 variability and the presence and structure of eddies and to use these relationships to create a better representation of mesoscale variability in Southern Ocean CO2 flux.
Current generation of coupled climate models, that are used to make climate projections, lack the resolution to adequately resolve ocean mesoscale (10 - 100km) processes, exhibiting significant biases in the ocean carbon uptake. Mesoscale processes include many features including jets, fronts and eddies that are crucial for bio-physical interactions, air-sea CO2 exchange and the supply of iron to the surface ocean. This modeling project will support the eddy resolving regional simulations to understand the mechanisms that drives bio-physical interaction and air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide.
Terra Nova Bay (western Ross Sea, Antarctica) supports dense populations of several key species in the Ross Sea food web, including copepods, crystal krill (Euphausia crystallorophias), Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum), and colonies of Adélie and Emperor penguins that feed primarily on crystal krill and silverfish. Absent from our understanding of the Ross Sea food web is zooplankton and silverfish mesoscale distribution, spatial structure of age/maturity classes, and their interactions with physical drivers and each other. The quantitative linkages between primary producers and the higher trophic levels, specifically, the processes responsible for the regulation of abundance and rates of middle trophic levels dominated by copepods and crystal krill (Euphausia crystallorophias), is virtually unknown. Given that the next century will see extensive changes in the Ross Sea’s ice distributions and oceanography as a result of climate change, understanding the basic controls of zooplankton and silverfish abundance and distribution is essential.
During a January – March 2018 cruise in the western Ross Sea, we deployed a glider equipped with an echo sounder (Acoustic Zooplankton Fish Profiler) that simultaneously measured depth, temperature, conductivity, chlorophyll fluorescence, and dissolved oxygen. Additionally, net tows, mid-water trawls, and crystal krill grazing experiments were conducted. Our study provided the first glider-based acoustic assessment of simultaneous distributions of multiple trophic levels in the Ross Sea, from which predator-prey interactions and the relationships between organisms and physics drivers (sea ice, circulation features) were investigated. We illustrated high variability in ocean physics, phytoplankton biomass, and crystal krill biomass and aggregation over time and between locations within Terra Nova Bay. Biomass of krill was highest in locations characterized by deeper mixed layers and highest integrated chlorophyll concentrations. Krill aggregations were consistently located at depth well below the mixed layer and chlorophyll maximum. Experiments investigating krill grazing, in combination with krill depth distributions relative to chlorophyll biomass, illuminate high krill grazing rates could be attributed to the occupation of a unique niche whereby they are opportunistically feeding on sinking high concentrations of detritus derived from surface blooms. The information on the abundance, distribution, and interactions of key species in multiple trophic levels resulting from this project provide a conceptual background to understand how this ecosystem might respond to future conditions under climate change.
Our project tested the capability of a multi-frequency echo sounder on a glider for the first time. The production of consistent, vertically-resolved, high resolution glider-based acoustic measurements will pave the way for cost-effective, automated examination of entire food webs and ecosystems in regions all over the global ocean. A wide range of users including academic and government scientists, ecosystem-based fisheries managers, and monitoring programs including those conducted by OOI, IOOS, and NOAA will benefit from this project. This project also provided the opportunity to focus on broadening participation in research and articulating the societal benefits through education and innovative outreach programs. A data set from this project is being included in the new NSF-funded Polar CAP initiative, that will be used by a diverse and young audience to increase understanding of the polar system and the ability to reason with data. Finally, this project provided a unique field opportunity and excellent hand-on training for a post-doctoral researcher, a graduate student, and two undergraduate students.
Current oceanographic interest in the interaction of relatively warm water of the Southern Ocean Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) as it moves southward to the frigid waters of the Antarctic continental shelves is based on the potential importance of heat transport from the global ocean to the base of continental ice shelves. This is needed to understand the longer term mass balance of the continent, the stability of the vast Antarctic ice sheets and the rate at which sea-level will rise in a warming world. Improved observational knowledge of the mechanisms of how warming CDW moves across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is needed. Understanding this dynamical transport, believed to take place through the eddy flux of time-varying mesoscale circulation features, will improve coupled ocean-atmospheric climate models. The development of the next generation of coupled ocean-ice-climate models help us understand future changes in atmospheric heat fluxes, glacial and sea-ice balance, and changes in the Antarctic ecosystems. A recurring obstacle to our understanding is the lack of data in this distant region. In this project, a total of 10 subsurface profiling EM-APEX floats adapted to operate under sea ice were launched in 12 missions (and 2 recoveries) from 4 cruises of opportunity to the Amundsen Sea sector of the Antarctic continental margin during Austral summer. The floats were launched south of the Polar Front and measured shear, turbulence, temperature, and salinity to 2000m depth for 1-2 year missions while drifting with the CDW layer between profiles.
Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM) project seeks to drive a transformative shift in our understanding of the crucial role of the Southern Ocean in taking up anthropogenic carbon and heat, and resupplying nutrients from the abyss to the surface. An observational program will generate vast amounts of new biogeochemical data that will provide a greatly improved view of the dynamics and ecosystem responses of the Southern Ocean. A modeling component will apply these observations to enhancing understanding of the current ocean, reducing uncertainty in projections of future carbon and nutrient cycles and climate.<br/><br/>Because it serves as the primary gateway through which the intermediate, deep, and bottom waters of the ocean interact with the surface layers and thus the atmosphere, the Southern Ocean has a profound influence on the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon and heat as well as nutrient resupply from the abyss to the surface. Yet it is the least observed and understood region of the world ocean. The oceanographic community is on the cusp of two major advances that have the potential to transform understanding of the Southern Ocean. The first is the development of new biogeochemical sensors mounted on autonomous profiling floats that allow sampling of ocean biogeochemistry and acidification in 3-dimensional space with a temporal resolution of five to ten days. The SOCCOM float program proposed will increase the average number of biogeochemical profiles measured per month in the Southern Ocean by ~10-30x. The second is that the climate modeling community now has the computational resources and physical understanding to develop fully coupled climate models that can represent crucial mesoscale processes in the Southern Ocean, as well as corresponding models that assimilate observations to produce a state estimate. Together with the observations, this new generation of models provides the tools to vastly improve understanding of Southern Ocean processes and the ability to quantitatively assess uptake of anthropogenic carbon and heat, as well as nutrient resupply, both today and into the future.<br/><br/>In order to take advantage of the above technological and modeling breakthroughs, SOCCOM will implement the following research programs:<br/>* Theme 1: Observations. Scripps Institution of Oceanography will lead a field program to expand the number of Southern Ocean autonomous profiling floats and equip them with sensors to measure pH, nitrate, and oxygen. The University of Washington and Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute will design, build, and oversee deployment of the floats. Scripps will also develop a mesoscale eddying Southern Ocean state estimate that assimilates physical and biogeochemical data into the MIT ocean general circulation model.<br/>* Theme 2: Modeling. University of Arizona and Princeton University, together with NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), will use SOCCOM observations to develop data/model assessment metrics and next-generation model analysis and evaluation, with the goal of improving process level understanding and reducing the uncertainty in projections of our future climate.<br/><br/>Led by Climate Central, an independent, non-profit journalism and research organization that promotes understanding of climate science, SOCCOM will collaborate with educators and media professionals to inform policymakers and the public about the challenges of climate change and its impacts on marine life in the context of the Southern Ocean. In addition, the integrated team of SOCCOM scientists and educators will:<br/>* communicate data and results of the SOCCOM efforts quickly to the public through established data networks, publications, broadcast media, and a public portal;<br/>* train a new generation of diverse ocean scientists, including undergraduate students, graduate students, and postdoctoral fellows versed in field techniques, data calibration, modeling, and communication of research to non-scientists;<br/>* transfer new sensor technology and related software to autonomous instrument providers and manufacturers to ensure that they become widely useable.
The Ross Sea continental shelf is one of the most productive areas in the Southern Ocean, and may comprise a significant, but unaccounted for, oceanic CO2 sink, largely driven by phytoplankton production. The processes that control the magnitude of primary production in this region are not well understood, but data suggest that iron limitation is a factor. Field observations and model simulations indicate four potential sources of dissolved iron to surface waters of the Ross Sea: (1) circumpolar deep water intruding from the shelf edge; (2) sediments on shallow banks and nearshore areas; (3) melting sea ice around the perimeter of the polynya; and (4) glacial meltwater from the Ross Ice Shelf. The principal investigators hypothesize that hydrodynamic transport via mesoscale currents, fronts, and eddies facilitate the supply of dissolved iron from these four sources to the surface waters of the Ross Sea polynya. These hypotheses will be tested through a combination of in situ observations and numerical modeling, complemented by satellite remote sensing. In situ observations will be obtained during a month-long cruise in the austral summer. The field data will be incorporated into model simulations, which allow quantification of the relative contributions of the various hypothesized iron supply mechanisms, and assessment of their impact on primary production. The research will provide new insights and a mechanistic understanding of the complex oceanographic phenomena that regulate iron supply, primary production, and biogeochemical cycling. The research will thus form the basis for predictions about how this system may change in a warming climate. The broader impacts include training of graduate and undergraduate students, international collaboration, and partnership with several ongoing outreach programs that address scientific research in the Southern Ocean. The research also will contribute to the goals of the international research programs ICED (Integrated Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics) and GEOTRACES (Biogeochemical cycling and trace elements in the marine environment).
The Shackleton Fracture Zone (SFZ) in Drake Passage of the Southern Ocean defines a boundary between low and high phytoplankton waters. Low chlorophyll water flowing through the southern Drake Passage emerges as high chlorophyll water to the east, and recent evidence indicates that the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front (SACCF) is steered south of the SFZ onto the Antarctic Peninsula shelf where mixing between the water types occurs. The mixed water is then advected off-shelf with elevated iron and phytoplankton biomass. The SFZ is therefore an ideal natural laboratory to improve the understanding of plankton community responses to natural iron fertilization, and how these processes influence export of organic carbon to the ocean interior. The bathymetry of the region is hypothesized to influence mesoscale circulation and transport of iron, leading to the observed patterns in phytoplankton biomass. The position of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is further hypothesized to influence the magnitude of the flow of ACC water onto the peninsula shelf, mediating the amount of iron transported into the Scotia Sea. To address these hypotheses, a research cruise will be conducted near the SFZ and to the east in the southern Scotia Sea. A mesoscale station grid for vertical profiles, water sampling, and bottle incubation enrichment experiments will complement rapid surface surveys of chemical, plankton, and hydrographic properties. Distributions of manganese, aluminum and radium isotopes will be determined to trace iron sources and estimate mixing rates. Phytoplankton and bacterial physiological states (including responses to iron enrichment) and the structure of the plankton communities will be studied. The primary goal is to better understand how plankton productivity, community structure and export production in the Southern Ocean are affected by the coupling between bathymetry, mesoscale circulation, and distributions of limiting nutrients. The proposed work represents an interdisciplinary approach to address the fundamental physical, chemical and biological processes that contribute to the abrupt transition in chl-a which occurs near the SFZ. Given recent indications that the Southern Ocean is warming, it is important to advance the understanding of conditions that regulate the present ecosystem structure in order to predict the effects of climate variability. This project will promote training and learning across a broad spectrum of groups. Funds are included to support postdocs, graduate students, and undergraduates. In addition, this project will contribute to the development of content for the Polar Science Station website, which has been a resource since 2001 for instructors and students in adult education, home schooling, tribal schools, corrections education, family literacy programs, and the general public.
This project is a contribution to a coordinated attempt to understand the interactions of biological and physical dynamics by developing relationships among the evolution of the antarctic winter ice and snow cover, biological habitat variability, and the seasonal progression of marine ecological processes. The work will be carried out in the context of the Southern Ocean Experiment of the Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics Study (Globec), a large, multi-investigator study of the winter survival strategy of krill under the antarctic sea ice in the vicinity of Marguerite Bay on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula.<br/><br/>There are several aspects to this project: One is the collection, analysis, and archiving of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), and Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) data in order to characterize mesoscale circulation features and the regional hydrography. Another is to develop an accurate and fully validated model of tidal currents in Marguerite Bay. A third is to provide a data set of small-scale processes such as shear instabilities, tidal stirring, mesoscale eddies, and double diffusion, that are required for the effective parameterization of the vertical diffusivities of heat, salt, and nutrients. The results of this project will provide a unified data set that satisfies the data requirement of the coordinated chemical and biological studies which will link water column and sea ice processes with the biology of krill and its predators. The results further will help to link these winter observations to similar observations made in summer and elsewhere around Antarctic in the international context of the Globec program. The overall objective is to develop a comprehensive ecosystem model that will test our understanding of the system, determine its sensitivities, and to provide an organizing mechanism for integrating the Southern Ocean Globec observations. <br/>***
Because of the extreme isolation of Antarctica since the early Oligocene one can expect to encounter a unique invertebrate fauna with a high degree of endemism. Yet, some benthic taxa include from 20 to >50 percent non-endemic species. To account for such species it has been proposed that an intermittent reciprocal exchange must occur between the antiboreal populations of South America and the Antarctic continent. One possible means by which the geographical distribution can be maintained and genetic exchange may be accomplished is by the passive dispersal of planktonic larvae. To show that such dispersal is actually accomplished it must be demonstrated that (1) larvae of sublittoral species actually are found within the Drake passage and that such larvae belong to species that occur both in the antiboreal South American and Antarctic faunas and (2) that a hydrographic mechanism exists that can explain how the passive transport of larvae may occur between the two continents. The proposed research will address these two requirements by making transects of plankton samples across the Drake passage and by examining the possibility of cross frontal exchange of larvae at the subantarctic and polar fronts of the Antarctic circumpolar current as well as the possible transport of larvae in mesoscale rings. The outcome may suggest species that in the future may profitably be examined using molecular techniques, comparing individuals from bottom populations of South America and Antarctica. The study necessarily must be of a very preliminary nature since the occurrence of planktonic larvae of sublittoral benthic species in the Drake Passage has never before been examined.
The Shackleton Fracture Zone (SFZ) in the Drake Passage defines a boundary between low and high phytoplankton waters. West of Drake Passage, Southern Ocean waters south of the Polar Front and north of the Antarctic continent shelf have very low satellite-derived surface chlorophyll concentrations. Chlorophyll and mesoscale eddy kinetic energy are higher east of SFZ compared to values west of the ridge. In situ data from a 10-year survey of the region as part of the National Marine Fisheries Service's Antarctic Marine Living Resources program confirm the existence of a strong hydrographic and chlorophyll gradient in the region. An interdisciplinary team of scientists hypothesizes that bathymetry, including the 2000 m deep SFZ, influences mesoscale circulation and transport of iron leading to the observed phytoplankton patterns. To address this<br/>hypothesis, the team proposes to examine phytoplankton and bacterial physiological states (including responses to iron enrichment) and structure of the plankton communities from virus to zooplankton, the concentration and distribution of Fe, Mn, and Al, and mesoscale flow patterns near the SFZ. Relationships between iron concentrations and phytoplankton characteristics will be examined in the context of the mesoscale transport of trace nutrients to determine how much of the observed variability in phytoplankton biomass can be attributed to iron supply, and to determine the most important sources of iron to pelagic waters east of the Drake Passage. The goal is to better understand how plankton productivity and community structure in the Southern Ocean are affected by the coupling between bathymetry, mesoscale circulation, and limiting nutrient distributions.<br/><br/>The research program includes rapid surface surveys of chemical, plankton, and hydrographic properties complemented by a mesoscale station grid for vertical profiles, water sampling, and bottle incubation enrichment experiments. Distributions of manganese and aluminum will be determined to help distinguish aeolian, continental shelf and upwelling sources of iron. The physiological state of the phytoplankton will be monitored by active fluorescence methods sensitive to the effects of iron limitation. Mass concentrations of pigment, carbon and nitrogen will be obtained by analysis of filtered samples, cell size distributions by flow cytometry, and species identification by microscopy. Primary production and photosynthesis parameters (absorption, quantum yields, variable fluorescence) will be measured on depth profiles, during surface surveys and on bulk samples from enrichment experiments. Viruses and bacteria will be examined for abundances, and bacterial production will be assessed in terms of whether it is limited by either iron or organic carbon sources. The proposed work will improve our understanding of processes controlling distributions of iron and the response of plankton communities in the Southern Ocean. This proposal also includes an outreach component comprised of Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU), Teachers Experiencing the Antarctic and Arctic (TEA), and the creation of an educational website and K-12 curricular modules based on the project.
This award supports a comprehensive investigation of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the surface mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet and the governing mechanisms that affect it. A mesoscale atmospheric model, adapted for Antarctic conditions (Polar MM5), will be used in conjunction with the newly available reanalysis from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) to resolve the surface mass balance of Antarctica at a time resolution of 3 hours and a spatial resolution of 60 km from 1957 to 2001. Polar MM5 will be upgraded to account for key processes in the simulation, including explicit consideration of blowing snow transport and sublimation as well as surface melting/runoff. The proposed 45-y hindcast of all Antarctic surface mass balance components with a limited area model has not previously been attempted and will provide a dataset of unprecedented scope to complement existing ice core measurements of recent climate, especially those collected by the International Transantarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE). The trends and variability in space and time over 4.5 decades will be resolved and the impact of the dominant modes of atmospheric variability (Antarctic Oscillation, El Nino-Southern Oscillation, etc.) will be isolated. Hypotheses concerning the Antarctic surface mass balance response to climate change will be tested. The research will provide a sound basis for evaluating the impact of future climate change on Antarctic surface mass balance and its contribution to global sea level change as well as providing an important perspective for the interpretation of Antarctic ice core records. The broader impacts include the education of a Ph.D. student, the development of material for use in university classes, and construction of an interactive educational webpage on Antarctic surface mass balance.