USAP-DC

Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM) project seeks to drive a transformative shift in our understanding of the crucial role of the Southern Ocean in taking up anthropogenic carbon and heat, and resupplying nutrients from the abyss to the surface. An observational program will generate vast amounts of new biogeochemical data that will provide a greatly improved view of the dynamics and ecosystem responses of the Southern Ocean. A modeling component will apply these observations to enhancing understanding of the current ocean, reducing uncertainty in projections of future carbon and nutrient cycles and climate.

Because it serves as the primary gateway through which the intermediate, deep, and bottom waters of the ocean interact with the surface layers and thus the atmosphere, the Southern Ocean has a profound influence on the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon and heat as well as nutrient resupply from the abyss to the surface. Yet it is the least observed and understood region of the world ocean. The oceanographic community is on the cusp of two major advances that have the potential to transform understanding of the Southern Ocean. The first is the development of new biogeochemical sensors mounted on autonomous profiling floats that allow sampling of ocean biogeochemistry and acidification in 3-dimensional space with a temporal resolution of five to ten days. The SOCCOM float program proposed will increase the average number of biogeochemical profiles measured per month in the Southern Ocean by ~10-30x. The second is that the climate modeling community now has the computational resources and physical understanding to develop fully coupled climate models that can represent crucial mesoscale processes in the Southern Ocean, as well as corresponding models that assimilate observations to produce a state estimate. Together with the observations, this new generation of models provides the tools to vastly improve understanding of Southern Ocean processes and the ability to quantitatively assess uptake of anthropogenic carbon and heat, as well as nutrient resupply, both today and into the future.

In order to take advantage of the above technological and modeling breakthroughs, SOCCOM will implement the following research programs:
* Theme 1: Observations. Scripps Institution of Oceanography will lead a field program to expand the number of Southern Ocean autonomous profiling floats and equip them with sensors to measure pH, nitrate, and oxygen. The University of Washington and Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute will design, build, and oversee deployment of the floats. Scripps will also develop a mesoscale eddying Southern Ocean state estimate that assimilates physical and biogeochemical data into the MIT ocean general circulation model.
* Theme 2: Modeling. University of Arizona and Princeton University, together with NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), will use SOCCOM observations to develop data/model assessment metrics and next-generation model analysis and evaluation, with the goal of improving process level understanding and reducing the uncertainty in projections of our future climate.

Led by Climate Central, an independent, non-profit journalism and research organization that promotes understanding of climate science, SOCCOM will collaborate with educators and media professionals to inform policymakers and the public about the challenges of climate change and its impacts on marine life in the context of the Southern Ocean. In addition, the integrated team of SOCCOM scientists and educators will:
* communicate data and results of the SOCCOM efforts quickly to the public through established data networks, publications, broadcast media, and a public portal;
* train a new generation of diverse ocean scientists, including undergraduate students, graduate students, and postdoctoral fellows versed in field techniques, data calibration, modeling, and communication of research to non-scientists;
* transfer new sensor technology and related software to autonomous instrument providers and manufacturers to ensure that they become widely useable.

Person	Role
Sarmiento, Jorge	Investigator
Rynearson, Tatiana	Investigator

Antarctic Instrumentation and Support	Award # 1425989
Antarctic Integrated System Science	Award # 1425989
Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences	Award # 1425989

NBP1701
USAP-1425989_1

None in the Database

Repository	Title (link)	Format(s)	Status
PI website	Biogeochemical profiling float data from the Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observation and Modeling (SOCCOM) program.UCSD Research Data Collections DOI:10.6075/J09021PC	None	exist
R2R	Expedition Data	None	exist
USAP-DC	Model output NOAA GFDL CM2_6 Cant Hant storage	None	exists

1. Stukel, M. R., & Ducklow, H. W. (2017). Stirring Up the Biological Pump: Vertical Mixing and Carbon Export in the Southern Ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 31(9), 1420–1434. (doi:10.1002/2017gb005652)
2. Shi, J.-R., Xie, S.-P., & Talley, L. D. (2018). Evolving Relative Importance of the Southern Ocean and North Atlantic in Anthropogenic Ocean Heat Uptake. Journal of Climate, 31(18), 7459–7479. (doi:10.1175/jcli-d-18-0170.1)
3. Porter, D. F., Springer, S. R., Padman, L., Fricker, H. A., Tinto, K. J., … Riser, S. C. (2019). Evolution of the Seasonal Surface Mixed Layer of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, Observed With Autonomous Profiling Floats. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124(7), 4934–4953. (doi:10.1029/2018jc014683)
4. Maurer, T. L., Plant, J. N., & Johnson, K. S. (2021). Delayed-mode quality control of oxygen, nitrate and pH data on SOCCOM biogeochemical profiling floats. (doi:10.1002/essoar.10506241.1)
5. Verdy, A., & Mazloff, M. R. (2017). A data assimilating model for estimating Southern Ocean biogeochemistry. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122(9), 6968–6988. (doi:10.1002/2016jc012650)
6. Wilson, E. A., Riser, S. C., Campbell, E. C., & Wong, A. P. S. (2019). Winter Upper-Ocean Stability and Ice–Ocean Feedbacks in the Sea Ice–Covered Southern Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 49(4), 1099–1117. (doi:10.1175/jpo-d-18-0184.1)
7. Chen, H., Morrison, A. K., Dufour, C. O., & Sarmiento, J. L. (2019). Deciphering Patterns and Drivers of Heat and Carbon Storage in the Southern Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(6), 3359–3367. (doi:10.1029/2018gl080961)
8. Williams, N. L., Juranek, L. W., Johnson, K. S., Feely, R. A., Riser, S. C., Talley, L. D., … Wanninkhof, R. (2016). Empirical algorithms to estimate water column pH in the Southern Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(7), 3415–3422. (doi:10.1002/2016gl068539)
9. Johnson, K. S., Plant, J. N., Coletti, L. J., Jannasch, H. W., Sakamoto, C. M., Riser, S. C., … Sarmiento, J. L. (2017). Biogeochemical sensor performance in the SOCCOM profiling float array. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122(8), 6416–6436. (doi:10.1002/2017jc012838)
10. Cerovečki, I., Meijers, A. J. S., Mazloff, M. R., Gille, S. T., Tamsitt, V. M., & Holland, P. R. (2019). The Effects of Enhanced Sea Ice Export from the Ross Sea on Recent Cooling and Freshening of the Southeast Pacific. Journal of Climate, 32(7), 2013–2035. (doi:10.1175/jcli-d-18-0205.1)
11. Bushinsky, S. M., Takeshita, Y., & Williams, N. L. (2019). Observing Changes in Ocean Carbonate Chemistry: Our Autonomous Future. Current Climate Change Reports, 5(3), 207–220. (doi:10.1007/s40641-019-00129-8)
12. Sulpis, O., Boudreau, B. P., Mucci, A., Jenkins, C., Trossman, D. S., Arbic, B. K., & Key, R. M. (2018). Current CaCO3 dissolution at the seafloor caused by anthropogenic CO2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(46), 11700–11705. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1804250115)
13. Haëntjens, N., Boss, E., & Talley, L. D. (2017). Revisiting Ocean Color algorithms for chlorophyll a and particulate organic carbon in the Southern Ocean using biogeochemical floats. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122(8), 6583–6593. (doi:10.1002/2017jc012844)
14. Verdy, A., Cornuelle, B., Mazloff, M. R., & Rudnick, D. L. (2017). Estimation of the Tropical Pacific Ocean State 2010–13. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 34(7), 1501–1517. (doi:10.1175/jtech-d-16-0223.1)
15. Llort, J., Langlais, C., Matear, R., Moreau, S., Lenton, A., & Strutton, P. G. (2018). Evaluating Southern Ocean Carbon Eddy‐Pump From Biogeochemical‐Argo Floats. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123(2), 971–984. (doi:10.1002/2017jc012861)
16. Erickson, Z. K., Thompson, A. F., Cassar, N., Sprintall, J., & Mazloff, M. R. (2016). An advective mechanism for deep chlorophyll maxima formation in southern Drake Passage. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(20). (doi:10.1002/2016gl070565)
17. Haumann, F. A., Moorman, R., Riser, S. C., Smedsrud, L. H., Maksym, T., Wong, A. P. S., … Sarmiento, J. L. (2020). Supercooled Southern Ocean Waters. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(20). (doi:10.1029/2020gl090242)
18. Briggs, E. M., Martz, T. R., Talley, L. D., Mazloff, M. R., & Johnson, K. S. (2018). Physical and Biological Drivers of Biogeochemical Tracers Within the Seasonal Sea Ice Zone of the Southern Ocean From Profiling Floats. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123(2), 746–758. (doi:10.1002/2017jc012846)
19. Hell, M. C., Cornelle, B. D., Gille, S. T., Miller, A. J., & Bromirski, P. D. (2019). Identifying Ocean Swell Generation Events from Ross Ice Shelf Seismic Data. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 36(11), 2171–2189. (doi:10.1175/jtech-d-19-0093.1)
20. Drake, H. F., Morrison, A. K., Griffies, S. M., Sarmiento, J. L., Weijer, W., & Gray, A. R. (2018). Lagrangian Timescales of Southern Ocean Upwelling in a Hierarchy of Model Resolutions. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(2), 891–898. (doi:10.1002/2017gl076045)
21. Ogle, S. E., Tamsitt, V., Josey, S. A., Gille, S. T., Cerovečki, I., Talley, L. D., & Weller, R. A. (2018). Episodic Southern Ocean Heat Loss and Its Mixed Layer Impacts Revealed by the Farthest South Multiyear Surface Flux Mooring. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(10), 5002–5010. (doi:10.1029/2017gl076909)
22. Shi, Q., Yang, Q., Mu, L., Wang, J., Massonnet, F., & Mazloff, M. (2020). Evaluation of Sea-Ice Thickness from four reanalyses in the Antarctic Weddell Sea. (doi:10.5194/tc-2020-71)
23. Ito, T. (2022). Development of the Regional Carbon Cycle Model in the Central Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 14(6). Portico. (doi:10.1029/2021ms002757)
24. Cerovečki, I., Sun, R., Bromwich, D. H., Zou, X., Mazloff, M. R., & Wang, S.-H. (2023). Addendum: Impact of downward longwave radiative deficits on Antarctic sea-ice extent predictability during the sea ice growth period (2022 Environ. Res. Lett. 17-084008). Environmental Research Letters, 18(2), 029401. (doi:10.1088/1748-9326/acb162)