USAP-DC

{"dp_type": "Dataset", "free_text": "Sun"}

[{"awards": "1744584 Klein, Andrew", "bounds_geometry": ["POLYGON((-78 -60,-74.6 -60,-71.2 -60,-67.8 -60,-64.4 -60,-61 -60,-57.6 -60,-54.2 -60,-50.8 -60,-47.400000000000006 -60,-44 -60,-44 -61.3,-44 -62.6,-44 -63.9,-44 -65.2,-44 -66.5,-44 -67.8,-44 -69.1,-44 -70.4,-44 -71.7,-44 -73,-47.4 -73,-50.8 -73,-54.2 -73,-57.6 -73,-61 -73,-64.4 -73,-67.8 -73,-71.2 -73,-74.6 -73,-78 -73,-78 -71.7,-78 -70.4,-78 -69.1,-78 -67.8,-78 -66.5,-78 -65.2,-78 -63.9,-78 -62.6,-78 -61.3,-78 -60))"], "date_created": "Fri, 06 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "This dataset comprises a series of geotiff grids of modelled solar radiation (Wh m-2 day-1) for a portion of the Western Antarctic Peninsula. The grids were generated using the r.sun module in Grass GIS. In addition to the a geotiff grid representing the average daily global horizontal irradiance for an entire year, the dataset also includes geotiffs containing daily values of direct beam irradiance, diffuse irradiance, ground reflected irradiance, and global (total) irradiance (all in Wh m-2 day-1) as well as insolation time (hours). This dataset was created in support of projects ANT-1744550, -1744570, -1744584, and -1744602.", "east": -44.0, "geometry": ["POINT(-61 -66.5)"], "keywords": "Antarctica; Antarctic Peninsula; Biota; GIS; GIS Data; LMG1904; R/v Laurence M. Gould; Solar Radiation", "locations": "Antarctica; Antarctic Peninsula", "north": -60.0, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems", "persons": "Klein, Andrew", "project_titles": "Collaborative Research: Sea ice as a driver of Antarctic benthic macroalgal community composition and nearshore trophic connectivity", "projects": [{"proj_uid": "p0010104", "repository": "USAP-DC", "title": "Collaborative Research: Sea ice as a driver of Antarctic benthic macroalgal community composition and nearshore trophic connectivity"}], "repo": "USAP-DC", "repositories": "USAP-DC", "science_programs": null, "south": -73.0, "title": "Modelled Solar Irradiance for Western Antarctic Pennisula", "uid": "601651", "west": -78.0}, {"awards": "1744759 Dunham, Eric", "bounds_geometry": ["POLYGON((-180 -60,-144 -60,-108 -60,-72 -60,-36 -60,0 -60,36 -60,72 -60,108 -60,144 -60,180 -60,180 -63,180 -66,180 -69,180 -72,180 -75,180 -78,180 -81,180 -84,180 -87,180 -90,144 -90,108 -90,72 -90,36 -90,0 -90,-36 -90,-72 -90,-108 -90,-144 -90,-180 -90,-180 -87,-180 -84,-180 -81,-180 -78,-180 -75,-180 -72,-180 -69,-180 -66,-180 -63,-180 -60))"], "date_created": "Mon, 16 May 2022 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "", "east": 180.0, "geometry": ["POINT(0 -89.999)"], "keywords": "Amundsen Sea; Antarctica; Glaciology", "locations": "Amundsen Sea; Antarctica", "north": -60.0, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Glaciology", "persons": "Tazhimbetov, Nurbek; Dunham, Eric; Almquist, Martin", "project_titles": "Collaborative Research: Do Ocean Wave Impacts Pose a Hazard to the Stability of West Antarctic Ice Shelves?", "projects": [{"proj_uid": "p0010320", "repository": "USAP-DC", "title": "Collaborative Research: Do Ocean Wave Impacts Pose a Hazard to the Stability of West Antarctic Ice Shelves?"}], "repo": "USAP-DC", "repositories": "USAP-DC", "science_programs": null, "south": -90.0, "title": "Simulation of flexural-gravity wave response of Antarctic ice shelves to tsunami and infragravity waves", "uid": "601561", "west": -180.0}, {"awards": "1840058 Jenouvrier, Stephanie", "bounds_geometry": null, "date_created": "Fri, 04 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "Many animals form long-term monogamous pair-bonds, and the disruption of a pair-bond (through either divorce or widowhood) can have significant consequences for individual vital rates (survival, breeding, and breeding success probabilities) and life-history outcomes (lifetime reproductive success, life expectancy). Here, we investigated the causes and consequences of pair-bond disruption in wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans). State-of-the-art statistical and mathematical approaches were developed to estimate divorce and widowhood rates and their impacts on vital rates and life-history outcomes. In this population, females incur a higher mortality rate due to incidental fishery bycatch, hence the population is male-skewed. Therefore, we first posited that males show higher widowhood rates negatively correlated with fishing effort, and females have higher divorce rates because they have more mating opportunities. Furthermore, we expected that divorce can be an adaptive strategy, whereby individuals improve breeding success by breeding with a new partner of better quality. Finally, we posited that pair-bond disruptions can reduce survival and breeding probabilities due to the cost of remating processes, with important consequences for life-history outcomes. As expected, we show that males have higher widowhood rates than females and females have higher divorce rates in this male-skewed population. However, no correlation was found between fishing effort and male widowhood. Secondly, contrary to our expectation, we found that divorce is likely non-adaptive in this population. We propose that divorce in this population is caused by an intruder who outcompetes the original partner in line with the \"forced divorce\" hypothesis. Furthermore, we found a 16.7% and 18.0% reduction in lifetime reproductive success (LRS) only for divorced and widowed males, respectively, due to missing breeding seasons after a pair-bond disruption. Finally, we found that divorced individuals are more likely to divorce again, but whether this is related to specific individual characteristics remains an important area of investigation. \r\n\r\nDescription of data processing:\r\nThis file includes: (1) observation events data; (2) E-surge GEPAT (Generator of pattern of elementary matrices) code for fitting MULTIEVENT-CAPTURE-MARK-RECAPTURE (MECMR) models; and (3) pair-bond status and breeding success data to perform all the analysis described in Sun et al. (2022, Ecological Monographs) ", "east": null, "geometry": null, "keywords": "Antarctica; Biota; Wandering Albatross", "locations": "Antarctica", "north": null, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems", "persons": "Jenouvrier, Stephanie; Sun, Ruijiao; Barbraud, Christophe; Delord, Karine", "project_titles": "Polar Seabirds with Long-term Pair Bonds: Effects of Mating on Individual Fitness and Population Dynamics", "projects": [{"proj_uid": "p0010090", "repository": "USAP-DC", "title": "Polar Seabirds with Long-term Pair Bonds: Effects of Mating on Individual Fitness and Population Dynamics"}], "repo": "USAP-DC", "repositories": "USAP-DC", "science_programs": null, "south": null, "title": "Causes and consequences of pair-bond disruption in a sex-skewed population of a long-lived monogamous seabird: the wandering Albatross", "uid": "601518", "west": null}, {"awards": "1744789 Padman, Laurence; 1744792 Little, Christopher", "bounds_geometry": ["POLYGON((-180 -60,-144 -60,-108 -60,-72 -60,-36 -60,0 -60,36 -60,72 -60,108 -60,144 -60,180 -60,180 -63,180 -66,180 -69,180 -72,180 -75,180 -78,180 -81,180 -84,180 -87,180 -90,144 -90,108 -90,72 -90,36 -90,0 -90,-36 -90,-72 -90,-108 -90,-144 -90,-180 -90,-180 -87,-180 -84,-180 -81,-180 -78,-180 -75,-180 -72,-180 -69,-180 -66,-180 -63,-180 -60))"], "date_created": "Tue, 01 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "This dataset contains NetCDF files of two-dimensional gridded fields of hydrographic properties, Conservative Temperature (CT) and Absolute Salinity (SA), around Antarctica, depth-averaged for the depth range 300 m to min([water depth, 1000]) m from 38 CMIP6 models, the World Ocean Atlas 2018, and our own product developed from the World Ocean Database. These fields are designed to represent the hydrography of deeper water masses on the Antarctic Continental Shelf (ACS), where typical water depths are 400-600 m, and the intermediate-depth water off the continental shelf. The dataset includes a high-resolution polar-stereographic grid (2 x 2 km) of Southern Ocean geometry, including water depth, elevation of the land and ice-sheet surface (including ice shelves), a mask (identifying water, land and grounded ice, and ice shelves), and offshore distance from the continental shelf break. An example MATLAB script for accessing the grids and plotting them is included. The primary purpose of this dataset is to provide simplified 2-D hydrographic fields that can be used to assess the performance of climate models for the ACS, focusing on the depth range that affects most basal melting of Antarctica\u2019s ice shelves.", "east": 180.0, "geometry": ["POINT(0 -89.999)"], "keywords": "Antarctica; Antarctic Continental Shelf; CMIP6; Oceans; Physical Oceanography; Salinity; Southern Ocean; Temperature", "locations": "Southern Ocean; Antarctica", "north": -60.0, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences; Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences", "persons": "Howard, Susan L.; Little, Chris; Sun, Qiang; Padman, Laurence", "project_titles": null, "projects": null, "repositories": null, "science_programs": null, "south": -90.0, "title": "Gridded Values of Conservative Temperature and Absolute Salinity Around Antarctica averaged for the depth range 300 m to min([water depth, 1000]) m", "uid": "601516", "west": -180.0}, {"awards": "1443690 Young, Duncan", "bounds_geometry": ["POLYGON((-180 -86,-144 -86,-108 -86,-72 -86,-36 -86,0 -86,36 -86,72 -86,108 -86,144 -86,180 -86,180 -86.4,180 -86.8,180 -87.2,180 -87.6,180 -88,180 -88.4,180 -88.8,180 -89.2,180 -89.6,180 -90,144 -90,108 -90,72 -90,36 -90,0 -90,-36 -90,-72 -90,-108 -90,-144 -90,-180 -90,-180 -89.6,-180 -89.2,-180 -88.8,-180 -88.4,-180 -88,-180 -87.6,-180 -87.2,-180 -86.8,-180 -86.4,-180 -86))"], "date_created": "Thu, 08 Jul 2021 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "Gravity and magnetics data collected by PRIC Basler SnowEagle 601 over Titan Dome, as part of the ICECAP project and SPICECAP in particular.", "east": 180.0, "geometry": ["POINT(0 -89.999)"], "keywords": "Antarctica; ICECAP; Titan Dome", "locations": "Titan Dome; Antarctica", "north": -86.0, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Earth Sciences", "persons": "Greenbaum, Jamin; Young, Duncan A.; Blankenship, Donald D.; Jingxue, Guo; Bo, Sun", "project_titles": "Collaborative Research: Southern Plateau Ice-sheet Characterization and Evolution of the Central Antarctic Plate (SPICECAP)", "projects": [{"proj_uid": "p0010115", "repository": "USAP-DC", "title": "Collaborative Research: Southern Plateau Ice-sheet Characterization and Evolution of the Central Antarctic Plate (SPICECAP)"}], "repo": "USAP-DC", "repositories": "USAP-DC", "science_programs": null, "south": -90.0, "title": "Airborne potential fields data from Titan Dome, Antarctica", "uid": "601461", "west": -180.0}, {"awards": "1443690 Young, Duncan", "bounds_geometry": ["POLYGON((-180 -86,-176.5 -86,-173 -86,-169.5 -86,-166 -86,-162.5 -86,-159 -86,-155.5 -86,-152 -86,-148.5 -86,-145 -86,-145 -86.4,-145 -86.8,-145 -87.2,-145 -87.6,-145 -88,-145 -88.4,-145 -88.8,-145 -89.2,-145 -89.6,-145 -90,-148.5 -90,-152 -90,-155.5 -90,-159 -90,-162.5 -90,-166 -90,-169.5 -90,-173 -90,-176.5 -90,180 -90,174.2 -90,168.4 -90,162.6 -90,156.8 -90,151 -90,145.2 -90,139.4 -90,133.6 -90,127.8 -90,122 -90,122 -89.6,122 -89.2,122 -88.8,122 -88.4,122 -88,122 -87.6,122 -87.2,122 -86.8,122 -86.4,122 -86,127.8 -86,133.6 -86,139.4 -86,145.2 -86,151 -86,156.8 -86,162.6 -86,168.4 -86,174.2 -86,-180 -86))"], "date_created": "Fri, 02 Apr 2021 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "Level 2 aerogeophysical data, derived from the HiCARS2 radar system and laser altimeter for the Titan Dome region of East Antarctica. The observations included are geo-referenced surface elevation, bed elevation, ice thickness, bed reflectivity, surface reflectivity, and dated internal reflecting horizon depths. ", "east": -145.0, "geometry": ["POINT(168.5 -88)"], "keywords": "Airborne Laser Altimetry; Airborne Radar; Airplane; Antarctica; Bedrock Elevation; East Antarctica; Glaciers/ice Sheet; Glaciers/Ice Sheet; Glaciology; Ice Thickness; Radar Echo Sounder; Surface Elevation; Titan Dome", "locations": "East Antarctica; Titan Dome; Antarctica", "north": -86.0, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Earth Sciences", "persons": "Beem, Lucas H.; Young, Duncan A.; Greenbaum, Jamin; Ng, Gregory; Blankenship, Donald D.; Cavitte, Marie G. P; Jingxue, Guo; Bo, Sun", "project_titles": "Collaborative Research: Southern Plateau Ice-sheet Characterization and Evolution of the Central Antarctic Plate (SPICECAP)", "projects": [{"proj_uid": "p0010115", "repository": "USAP-DC", "title": "Collaborative Research: Southern Plateau Ice-sheet Characterization and Evolution of the Central Antarctic Plate (SPICECAP)"}], "repo": "USAP-DC", "repositories": "USAP-DC", "science_programs": null, "south": -90.0, "title": "Titan Dome, East Antarctica, Aerogephysical Survey", "uid": "601437", "west": 122.0}, {"awards": null, "bounds_geometry": ["POINT(-58 -62)"], "date_created": "Mon, 21 Dec 2020 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "Surface spectra of red and green snow algae were collected at two sites on King George Island (KGI), the largest of the South Shetland Islands, and one site on northern Nelson Island (NI), southwest of KGI in January 2018. Optically thick (\u003e 30cm) snow packs were prioritized for spectral albedo data acquisition and corresponding snow algae sampling in order to minimize the impact of the underlying ground on spectral albedo. Sites were also selected based on where it was possible to sample 1) a control site with relatively clean snow having no visible snow algae 2) green snow algae, 3) red snow algae and 4) mixed-phase green and red algae. At each site, duplicates of each snow type were measured with the spectrometer (except at Nelson Island where only one Mixed site was observed). All samples were collected around noon local Chilean time, when the seasonal snow pack was also receiving the most incoming solar radiation. Spectral reflectance measurements were collected with an Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD) FieldSpec\u00ae 4 hyperspectral spectroradiometer (Malvern Panalytical, USA) between 350 and 2500 nm. The sensor was equipped with a light-diffusing fore optic remote cosine receptor (RCR) to measure planar irradiance. We selected three different locations and collected spectral measurements for two samples each of green, red, and mixed snow algae patches, and two algae-free or \u201cclean\u201d snow areas, for a total of 24 measurement sites (2 of each of the 4 types across the 3 sites). Areas with snowmelt ponding were avoided. The RCR was placed upward to collect the downwelling planar irradiance incident upon the snow surface (Ed) and the upwelling planar irradiance reflected from the snow (Eu). Measurements were collected in triplicate. The operator was located in a direction 90 - 135\u00ba away from the sun to minimize solar glint and self-shadowing. Snow conditions did not allow for a tripod, so nadir orientation was determined by practice with a level and by visual assistance of an observer. Since the measurements were carried out under heavily overcast conditions where irradiance is dominated by the diffuse insolation with no solar azimuthal dependence, the influence of slight tilt when measuring the downwelling irradiance (i.e. the cosine error) is expected to be minor (\u003c0.5%). The reflectance measurements were taken prior to excavation of snow sample for laboratory analysis. Post-processing of the data involved computing spectral reflectance, as the ratio of the upwelling flux normalized to the downwelling flux for each wavelength. The mean of the three measurements was calculated for each site. Ambient light conditions were too low in the short-wave infrared wavelengths for getting adequate signal-to-noise for our measurements. In post-processing, reflectance values were truncated at 1350 nm for this analysis. This value represents the limit often used for RF calculations in other studies. In addition, empirical correction coefficients were used to correct for temperature related radiometric inter-channel steps using the procedure and MATLAB code from Hueni et al. (2017). This removed the step function near 1000 nm for most of the spectra, although not fully for all spectra. However, this discontinuity does not significantly impact results or albedo calculations. Albedo was calculated as the integrated R in two different intervals: visible (400-700 nm) and infrared (700-1300 nm). ", "east": -58.0, "geometry": ["POINT(-58 -62)"], "keywords": "Antarctica; South Shetland Islands", "locations": "South Shetland Islands; Antarctica", "north": -62.0, "nsf_funding_programs": null, "persons": "Khan, Alia", "project_titles": null, "projects": null, "repositories": null, "science_programs": null, "south": -62.0, "title": "Red and Green Snow Algae Surface Spectra", "uid": "601412", "west": -58.0}, {"awards": "1822289 Vernet, Maria", "bounds_geometry": ["POLYGON((-59.402149 -62.131908,-58.9639887 -62.131908,-58.5258284 -62.131908,-58.0876681 -62.131908,-57.6495078 -62.131908,-57.2113475 -62.131908,-56.7731872 -62.131908,-56.3350269 -62.131908,-55.8968666 -62.131908,-55.4587063 -62.131908,-55.020546 -62.131908,-55.020546 -62.384829,-55.020546 -62.63775,-55.020546 -62.890671,-55.020546 -63.143592,-55.020546 -63.396513,-55.020546 -63.649434,-55.020546 -63.902355,-55.020546 -64.155276,-55.020546 -64.408197,-55.020546 -64.661118,-55.4587063 -64.661118,-55.8968666 -64.661118,-56.3350269 -64.661118,-56.7731872 -64.661118,-57.2113475 -64.661118,-57.6495078 -64.661118,-58.0876681 -64.661118,-58.5258284 -64.661118,-58.9639887 -64.661118,-59.402149 -64.661118,-59.402149 -64.408197,-59.402149 -64.155276,-59.402149 -63.902355,-59.402149 -63.649434,-59.402149 -63.396513,-59.402149 -63.143592,-59.402149 -62.890671,-59.402149 -62.63775,-59.402149 -62.384829,-59.402149 -62.131908))"], "date_created": "Mon, 29 Apr 2019 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "Marine ecosystems under large ice shelves are thought to contain sparse, low-diversity plankton and seafloor communities due the low supply of food from productive sunlight waters. Past studies have shown sub-ice shelf ecosystems to change in response to altered oceanographic processes resulting from ice-shelve retreat. However, information on community changes and ecosystem structure under ice shelves are limited because sub-ice-shelf ecosystems have either been sampled many years after ice-shelf breakout, or have been sampled through small boreholes, yielding extremely limited spatial information. The recent breakout of the A-68 iceberg from the Larsen C ice shelf in the western Weddell Sea provides an opportunity to use a ship-based study to evaluate benthic communities and water column characteristics in an area recently vacated by a large overlying ice shelf. The opportunity will allow spatial assessments at the time of transition from an under ice-shelf environment to one initially exposed to conditions more typical of a coastal Antarctic marine setting. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThis RAPID project will help determine the state of a coastal Antarctic ecosystem newly exposed from ice-shelf cover and will aid in understanding of rates of community change during transition. The project will conduct a 10-day field program, allowing contrasts to be made of phytoplankton and seafloor megafaunal communities in areas recently exposed by ice-shelf loss to areas exposed for many decades. The project will be undertaken in a collaborative manner with the South Korean Antarctic Agency, KOPRI, by participating in a cruise in March/May 2018. Combining new information in the area of Larsen C with existing observations after the Larsen A and B ice shelf breakups further to the north, the project is expected to generate a dataset that can elucidate fundamental processes of planktonic and benthic community development in transition from food-poor to food-rich ecosystems. The project will provide field experience to two graduate students, a post-doctoral associate and an undergraduate student. Material from the project will be incorporated into graduate courses and the project will communicate daily work and unfolding events through social media and blogs while they explore this area of the world that is largely underexplored.", "east": -55.020546, "geometry": ["POINT(-57.2113475 -63.396513)"], "keywords": "Antarctica; Biota; Chlorophyll; CTD; Glacier; Iceberg; Ice Shelf; Larsen C Ice Shelf; Oceans; Physical Oceanography; Phytoplankton; Sample Location; Sea Ice; Southern Ocean; Station List", "locations": "Larsen C Ice Shelf; Southern Ocean; Antarctica", "north": -62.131908, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems", "persons": "Pan, B. Jack; Vernet, Maria", "project_titles": "RAPID: Collaborative Research: Marine Ecosystem Response to the Larsen C Ice-Shelf Breakout: \"Time zero\"", "projects": [{"proj_uid": "p0010029", "repository": "USAP-DC", "title": "RAPID: Collaborative Research: Marine Ecosystem Response to the Larsen C Ice-Shelf Breakout: \"Time zero\""}], "repo": "USAP-DC", "repositories": "USAP-DC", "science_programs": null, "south": -64.661118, "title": "CTD stations and logs for Araon 2018 ANA08D expedition to Larson C", "uid": "601178", "west": -59.402149}, {"awards": "1141939 Lubin, Dan", "bounds_geometry": ["POLYGON((166.31 -77.5203,166.38265 -77.5203,166.4553 -77.5203,166.52795 -77.5203,166.6006 -77.5203,166.67325 -77.5203,166.7459 -77.5203,166.81855 -77.5203,166.8912 -77.5203,166.96385 -77.5203,167.0365 -77.5203,167.0365 -77.52527,167.0365 -77.53024,167.0365 -77.53521,167.0365 -77.54018,167.0365 -77.54515,167.0365 -77.55012,167.0365 -77.55509,167.0365 -77.56006,167.0365 -77.56503,167.0365 -77.57,166.96385 -77.57,166.8912 -77.57,166.81855 -77.57,166.7459 -77.57,166.67325 -77.57,166.6006 -77.57,166.52795 -77.57,166.4553 -77.57,166.38265 -77.57,166.31 -77.57,166.31 -77.56503,166.31 -77.56006,166.31 -77.55509,166.31 -77.55012,166.31 -77.54515,166.31 -77.54018,166.31 -77.53521,166.31 -77.53024,166.31 -77.52527,166.31 -77.5203))"], "date_created": "Tue, 12 Dec 2017 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "In this project we made fundamental measurements of cloud optical and microphysical properties at Ross Island, Antarctica, using a versatile shortwave spectroradiometer (Panalytical, Inc.) acquired for atmospheric field research by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). This instrument measures downwelling spectral irradiance at the Earth surface in the wavelength interval 350-2200 nm. From this data set one can retrieve properties of coastal Antarctic stratiform clouds including optical depth, thermodynamic phase, liquid water droplet effective radius, and ice cloud effective particle size. The instrument was installed at Arrival Heights, and measurements were made from 10 October 2012 to 4 February 2013. Spectral data recorded in one-minute averages, with some gaps for instrument maintenance and data backup, and some occasional down time when the site was inaccessible. Active satellite remote sensing data (CloudSat and CALIPSO) were used for validation and interpretation of the spectroradiometer retrievals (Scott and Lubin 2014).\r\n\t\r\n\t\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThere are two reasons why this measurement program remains timely. One straightforward reason involves the location of McMurdo Station, which is the US Antarctic Programs air transport entry point to the continent. Improvements in our knowledge of atmospheric physics in this region can eventually lead to improvements in numerical weather forecasting relevant to aviation. A second reason involves the recent advances in cloud microphysics for global climate model simulation. Mixed-phase cloud parameterizations have become very sophisticated, requiring validation with each new improvement. Traditional observational test cases - from the Arctic or mid-latitude storm systems - are often quite complex. A coastal Antarctic site at very high latitudes can provide more straightforward cases for testing current microphysical parameterizations. Over Ross Island aerosol and cloud nucleation sources are essentially all natural and oceanic, and cloud geometry is simple, while at the same time there is abundant supercooled cloud liquid water.\r\n\t\r\n\t\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAncillary meteorological data from the McMurdo Weather Office are also included here for help in interpreting the spectroradiometer data, including rawinsonde profiles, surface weather observations from the active ice runway, and automated FMQ19 surface weather measurements from Williams Field and Pegasus runway. For interpretation of clear sky or nearly cloud-free irradiance spectra (i.e., when a large fraction of the irradiance is directional from the Sun and not diffused by clouds), we recommend consulting Meywerk and Ramanathan (1999) for information about the Panalytical instruments cosine response.", "east": 167.0365, "geometry": ["POINT(166.67325 -77.54515)"], "keywords": "Antarctica; Atmosphere; Meteorology; Radiosounding; Ross Island", "locations": "Ross Island; Antarctica", "north": -77.5203, "nsf_funding_programs": "Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences", "persons": "Lubin, Dan", "project_titles": "Antarctic Cloud Physics: Fundamental Observations from Ross Island", "projects": [{"proj_uid": "p0000327", "repository": "USAP-DC", "title": "Antarctic Cloud Physics: Fundamental Observations from Ross Island"}], "repo": "USAP-DC", "repositories": "USAP-DC", "science_programs": null, "south": -77.57, "title": "Shortwave Spectroradiometer Data from Ross Island, Antarctica", "uid": "601074", "west": 166.31}, {"awards": "0632399 Jefferies, Stuart", "bounds_geometry": ["POLYGON((-180 -60,-144 -60,-108 -60,-72 -60,-36 -60,0 -60,36 -60,72 -60,108 -60,144 -60,180 -60,180 -63,180 -66,180 -69,180 -72,180 -75,180 -78,180 -81,180 -84,180 -87,180 -90,144 -90,108 -90,72 -90,36 -90,0 -90,-36 -90,-72 -90,-108 -90,-144 -90,-180 -90,-180 -87,-180 -84,-180 -81,-180 -78,-180 -75,-180 -72,-180 -69,-180 -66,-180 -63,-180 -60))"], "date_created": "Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "The ultimate goal of this project is to determine the structure and dynamics of the Sun\u0027s atmosphere, assess the role of MHD waves in heating the chromosphere/corona and driving the solar wind, and better understand how the Sun\u0027s atmosphere couples to the solar interior. As the solar atmosphere is \u0027home\u0027 to many of the solar phenomena that can have a direct impact on the biosphere, including flares, coronal mass ejections, and the solar wind, the broader impact of such studies is that they will lead to an improved understanding of the Sun-Earth connection. \nUnder the current award we have developed a suite of instruments that can simultaneously image the line-of-sight Doppler velocity and longitudinal magnetic field at four heights in the solar atmosphere at high temporal cadence. The instruments use magneto-optical filters (see Cacciani, Moretti and Rodgers, Solar Physics 174, p.115, 2004) tuned to the solar absorption lines at 422 nm (Ca I), 589 nm (Na D2), 770 nm (K) and 1083 nm (He). These lines sample the solar atmosphere from the mid-photosphere to the high-chromosphere. \nA proof-of-concept run was made in the Austral summer of 2007/2008 using the Na and K versions of the instruments. Here we recorded over 40 hours of full-disk, intensity images of the Sun in the red and blue wings of the Na and K Fraunhofer lines, in both right- and left-circularly polarized light. The images were obtained at a rate of one every five seconds with a nominal spatial resolution of 4 arc-seconds. The run started at 09:44 UT on February 2, 2008 and ended at 03:30 UT on February 4, 2008.\nData Quality Assessment:\nThe temperature controls of the instrument housings were unable to fully compensate for the harse Antartic winds encountered during the observing run. This led to large (~15 C) temperature swings which adversely affected the instruments (and thus data quality) in two ways: 1) Crystals of Na and K were deposited on the magneto-optical filter windows leading to \"hot spots\" in the images. These \"hot spots\" come and go with time as the temperature changes. 2) The changing temperature caused the optical rails to contract and expand causing the final images to go in- and out-of-focus, thus reducing the resolution to greater than 4 arc-seconds. Both these effect are worse in the K data.\nDespite these problems, the intensity images can be combined to provide magnetic images that show a very high sensitivity (\u003c 5 Gauss in a 5 second integration).\nData Description:\nThe raw data are stored as a series of 1024x1024x4 FITS images. The format is: blue image (left circulary polarized light), blue image (right circularly polarized light), red image (left circulary polarized light), red image (right circularly polarized light).\nThe naming convention for the images is: Type_Instrument_Day_hour_minutes_seconds\nwhere Type is I (intensity), F (flatfield), D (dark)\n Instrument is 0 (Na), 1 (K)\n Day is the day number from the beginning of the year where January 1 is day 0\nFor example, I_0_32_12_34_40.fits is an intensity image taken with the Na instrument at 12:34.40 UT on February 2, 2008.\nNotes: \n1) The flatfield images were acquired by moving a diffuser in front of the Sun during the integration. The resulting images therefore have to be corrected for residual low-spatial frequencies due to the non-flat nature of the light source.\n2) Each FITS file header contains a variety of information on the observation, e.g.,\nF_CNTO\t: number of summed frames in each 5 second integration (*)\nFPS\t\t: Camera frame rate (Frames Per Second)\nFLIP\t: Rate at which the half-wave rotator (magnetic switch) was switched\nINT_PER\t: Integration time (in seconds)\nMOF\t\t: Temperature of magneto-optical filter cell\nWS\t\t: Temperature of wing selector cell\nTEMP_0\t: Temperature of camera 0\nTEMP_1\t: Temperature of camera 1\nTEMP_2\t: Temperature inside instrument (location 1)\nTEMP_3\t: Temperature of narrowband filter\nTEMP_5\t: Temperature of magnets surrounding MOF cell\nTEMP_6\t: Temperature inside instrument (location 2)\nTEMP_7\t: Temperature of housing for magnetic switch\n(*) This is the frame count for the camera. The number of frames in each image for the two different polarization states, is half this number.\nThe measured temperatures are only coarse measurements.\n3) Due to reflection in the final polarizing beam splitter (which separates the \"red\" and \"blue\" signals into the two cameras), the camera 1 data need to \"reversed\" along the x-axis (i.e. listed as [1024:1] instead of [1:1024])\n4) Line-of-sight velocity and magnetic field images are generated from the observed intensity images. Doppler images as (red-blue)/(red+blue), magnetic images as the difference between the Doppler images\nfor right- and left-circularly polarized light.", "east": 180.0, "geometry": ["POINT(0 -89.999)"], "keywords": "Antarctica; Cosmos; Satellite Remote Sensing; Sun", "locations": "Antarctica", "north": -60.0, "nsf_funding_programs": null, "persons": "Jefferies, Stuart M.", "project_titles": "Tomographic Imaging of the Velocity and Magnetic Fields in the Sun\u0027s Atmosphere", "projects": [{"proj_uid": "p0000526", "repository": "USAP-DC", "title": "Tomographic Imaging of the Velocity and Magnetic Fields in the Sun\u0027s Atmosphere"}], "repo": "USAP-DC", "repositories": "USAP-DC", "science_programs": null, "south": -90.0, "title": "Tomographic Imaging of the Velocity and Magnetic Fields in the Sun\u0027s Atmosphere", "uid": "600152", "west": -180.0}, {"awards": "0944659 Kiene, Ronald", "bounds_geometry": ["POLYGON((-160 -68,-159 -68,-158 -68,-157 -68,-156 -68,-155 -68,-154 -68,-153 -68,-152 -68,-151 -68,-150 -68,-150 -69,-150 -70,-150 -71,-150 -72,-150 -73,-150 -74,-150 -75,-150 -76,-150 -77,-150 -78,-151 -78,-152 -78,-153 -78,-154 -78,-155 -78,-156 -78,-157 -78,-158 -78,-159 -78,-160 -78,-160 -77,-160 -76,-160 -75,-160 -74,-160 -73,-160 -72,-160 -71,-160 -70,-160 -69,-160 -68))"], "date_created": "Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "Spectacular blooms of Phaeocystis antarctica in the Ross Sea, Antarctica are the source of some of the world\u0027s highest concentrations of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and its volatile degradation product, dimethylsulfide (DMS). The flux of DMS from the oceans to the atmosphere in this region and its subsequent gas phase oxidation generates aerosols that have a strong influence on cloud properties and possibly climate. In the oceans, DMS and DMSP are quantitatively significant components of the carbon, sulfur, and energy flows in marine food webs, especially in the Ross Sea. Despite its central role in carbon and sulfur biogeochemistry in the Ross Sea, surprisingly little is known about the physiological functions of DMSP in P. Antarctica. The research will isolate and characterize DMSP lyases from P. antarctica, with the goal of obtaining amino acid and gene sequence information on these important enzymes. The physiological studies will focus on the effects of varying intensities of photosynthetically active radiation, with and without ultraviolet radiation as these are factors that we have found to be important controls on DMSP and DMS dynamics. The research also will examine the effects of prolonged darkness on the dynamics of DMSP and related compounds in P. antarctica, as survival of this species during the dark Antarctic winter and at sub-euphotic depths appears to be an important part of the Phaeocystis? ecology. A unique aspect of this work is the focus on measurements of intracellular MSA, which if detected, would provide strong evidence for in vivo radical scavenging functions for methyl sulfur compounds. The study will advance understanding of what controls DMSP cycling and ultimately DMS emissions from the Ross Sea and also provide information on what makes P. antarctica so successful in this extreme environment. The research will directly benefit and build on several interrelated ocean-atmosphere programs including the International Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) program. The PIs will participate in several activities involving K-12 education, High School teacher training, public education and podcasting through the auspices of the Dauphin Island Sea Lab Discovery Hall program and SUNY ESF. Two graduate students will be employed full time, and six undergraduates (2 each summer) will be trained as part of this project.\n", "east": -150.0, "geometry": ["POINT(-155 -73)"], "keywords": "Antarctica; Biota; Chemistry:fluid; Chemistry:Fluid; Geochemistry; Oceans; Ross Sea", "locations": "Ross Sea; Antarctica", "north": -68.0, "nsf_funding_programs": null, "persons": "Kiene, Ronald", "project_titles": "Collaborative Research: Ecophysiology of DMSP and related compounds and their contributions to carbon and sulfur dynamics in Phaeocystis antarctica", "projects": [{"proj_uid": "p0000085", "repository": "USAP-DC", "title": "Collaborative Research: Ecophysiology of DMSP and related compounds and their contributions to carbon and sulfur dynamics in Phaeocystis antarctica"}], "repo": "USAP-DC", "repositories": "USAP-DC", "science_programs": null, "south": -78.0, "title": "Ecophysiology of DMSP and related compounds and their contributions to carbon and sulfur dynamics in Phaeocystis antarctica", "uid": "600150", "west": -160.0}, {"awards": "0944686 Kieber, David", "bounds_geometry": ["POLYGON((-160 -68,-159 -68,-158 -68,-157 -68,-156 -68,-155 -68,-154 -68,-153 -68,-152 -68,-151 -68,-150 -68,-150 -69,-150 -70,-150 -71,-150 -72,-150 -73,-150 -74,-150 -75,-150 -76,-150 -77,-150 -78,-151 -78,-152 -78,-153 -78,-154 -78,-155 -78,-156 -78,-157 -78,-158 -78,-159 -78,-160 -78,-160 -77,-160 -76,-160 -75,-160 -74,-160 -73,-160 -72,-160 -71,-160 -70,-160 -69,-160 -68))"], "date_created": "Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "Spectacular blooms of Phaeocystis antarctica in the Ross Sea, Antarctica are the source of some of the world\u0027s highest concentrations of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and its volatile degradation product, dimethylsulfide (DMS). The flux of DMS from the oceans to the atmosphere in this region and its subsequent gas phase oxidation generates aerosols that have a strong influence on cloud properties and possibly climate. In the oceans, DMS and DMSP are quantitatively significant components of the carbon, sulfur, and energy flows in marine food webs, especially in the Ross Sea. Despite its central role in carbon and sulfur biogeochemistry in the Ross Sea, surprisingly little is known about the physiological functions of DMSP in P. antarctica. The research will isolate and characterize DMSP lyases from P. antarctica, with the goal of obtaining amino acid and gene sequence information on these important enzymes. The physiological studies will focus on the effects of varying intensities of photosynthetically active radiation, with and without ultraviolet radiation as these are factors that we have found to be important controls on DMSP and DMS dynamics. The research also will examine the effects of prolonged darkness on the dynamics of DMSP and related compounds in P. antarctica, as survival of this species during the dark Antarctic winter and at sub-euphotic depths appears to be an important part of the Phaeocystis\u0027 ecology. A unique aspect of this work is the focus on measurements of intracellular MSA, which if detected, would provide strong evidence for in vivo radical scavenging functions for methyl sulfur compounds. The study will advance understanding of what controls DMSP cycling and ultimately DMS emissions from the Ross Sea and also provide information on what makes P. antarctica so successful in this extreme environment. The research will directly benefit and build on several interrelated ocean-atmosphere programs including the International Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) program. The PIs will participate in several activities involving K-12 education, High School teacher training, public education and podcasting through the auspices of the Dauphin Island Sea Lab Discovery Hall program and SUNY ESF. Two graduate students will be employed full time, and six undergraduates (2 each summer) will be trained as part of this project.\n", "east": -150.0, "geometry": ["POINT(-155 -73)"], "keywords": "Biota; Ross Sea; Southern Ocean", "locations": "Ross Sea; Southern Ocean", "north": -68.0, "nsf_funding_programs": null, "persons": "Kieber, David John", "project_titles": "Collaborative Research: Ecophysiology of DMSP and related compounds and their contributions to carbon and sulfur dynamics in Phaeocystis antarctica", "projects": [{"proj_uid": "p0000085", "repository": "USAP-DC", "title": "Collaborative Research: Ecophysiology of DMSP and related compounds and their contributions to carbon and sulfur dynamics in Phaeocystis antarctica"}], "repo": "USAP-DC", "repositories": "USAP-DC", "science_programs": null, "south": -78.0, "title": "Ecophysiology of DMSP and related compounds and their contributions to carbon and sulfur dynamics in Phaeocystis antarctica", "uid": "600117", "west": -160.0}, {"awards": "0338342 Foreman, Christine; 0338260 Chin, Yu-Ping", "bounds_geometry": ["POINT(166.167 -77.55)"], "date_created": "Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a significant chemical component in aquatic systems because it acts as an important carbon source for microorganisms, absorbs harmful radiation in sunlight, is able to complex metals, and can participate in important biogeochemical reactions. This study will investigate the biogeochemical cycling of DOM in a small coastal Antarctic pond, Pony Lake, located on Cape Royds, Ross Island. Because there are no higher plants present at this site all of the DOM in this lake is derived from microorganisms. Thus, Pony Lake is an ideal site to study the effect of physical, chemical, and microbial processes on the composition and character of the DOM pool. Finally, Pony Lake is also an ideal site to collect an International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) fulvic acid standard. Unlike other IHSS standards, this standard will not contain DOM components derived from higher land plants. To better understand the role of physical influences, the project will study the changes in the DOM pool as the lake evolves from ice-covered to ice-free conditions during the summer, as well as the relationship of DOM to the observed turnover of dominant microbial communities in the lake. Scientists will also monitor changes in microbial abundance, diversity, and productivity that may occur during the ice to open-water transition period. This research will provide much needed information regarding the relationship between microbial diversity and DOM biogeochemistry. Middle school science students will be active participants in this project through the Internet, while scientists are in the field, and in the lab.", "east": 166.167, "geometry": ["POINT(166.167 -77.55)"], "keywords": "Antarctica; Chemistry:fluid; Chemistry:Fluid; Critical Zone; Ross Island; Sample/collection Description; Sample/Collection Description; Water Samples", "locations": "Ross Island; Antarctica", "north": -77.55, "nsf_funding_programs": null, "persons": "Chin, Yu-Ping; Foreman, Christine", "project_titles": "Collaborative Research: Biogeochemistry of Dissolved Organic Matter in Pony Lake, Ross Island", "projects": [{"proj_uid": "p0000548", "repository": "USAP-DC", "title": "Collaborative Research: Biogeochemistry of Dissolved Organic Matter in Pony Lake, Ross Island"}], "repo": "USAP-DC", "repositories": "USAP-DC", "science_programs": null, "south": -77.55, "title": "Biogeochemistry of Dissolved Organic Matter in Pony Lake, Ross Island", "uid": "600168", "west": 166.167}, {"awards": "0538683 Lal, Devendra", "bounds_geometry": ["POINT(-180 -90)"], "date_created": "Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "The principal aim of this research is to determine the precise manner in which solar activity has varied in the past 1000 years. During this period, four periods of very low solar activity have been identified: Wolf (1305-1345 AD), Spoerer (1418-1540 AD), Maunder (1645-1715), and one period of high solar activity (1100-1250 A.D.) have been deduced based on available historical records of sunspot numbers and aurora. Our proposal aims to study the solar activity during the past 1000 years in detail using a new method, based on studies of polar ice, as developed earlier (Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 234, 335-349, 2005). The method is based on the fact that greater solar activity leads to production of greater magnetic fields in the heliosphere, which reduces the primary cosmic ray flux in the near Earth environment, and vice-versa. Consequently if one can measure the primary cosmic ray flux in the near Earth space, it becomes a direct measure of the solar activity. Lal et al. (Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 234, 335-349, 2005) concluded that the best way of measuring the primary cosmic ray flux would be to measure the concentration of cosmogenic in-situ produced 14C in polar ice sheets, which was discovered by Lal et al. (Nature 346, 350-352, 1990). Following this idea Lal et al. (op. cit.) measured cosmogenic in-situ produced in 19 samples from the GISP 2 core covering time range of 375-31,250 yrs B.P. Their studies showed that there were two periods of very low solar activity in this time bracket (during 8500-9500 B.P and 27,000-32,000 B.P.), and one high solar activity period during 12,000-16,000 yrs B.P. In order to provide an independent check on the veracity of the new method, we decided to apply it to the historical period, \u003c 1000 yrs B.P. The inferred Solar activities based on the study of cosmogenic in-situ produced 14C in South Pole ice samples clearly establish that there was a period of high Solar activity during 1100-1250 A.D., and a period of very low solar activity during 1416-1534 A.D, designated as the Spoerer Minimum. These results however do not confirm the proposed dates for the Dalton and the Maunder Minimum periods, predicted to be 1795-1825 A.D. and 1654-1714 A.D. respectively. Instead, our studies show that there was a long duration period of low solar activity during 1750-1860 A.D. These results make it quite clear that we should carry out more studies to fully establish the temporal behavior of the Solar activity in the past 1000 yrs.", "east": -180.0, "geometry": ["POINT(-180 -90)"], "keywords": "Antarctica; Carbon-14; Cosmos; Geochemistry; Glaciers/ice Sheet; Glaciers/Ice Sheet; Glaciology; Ice Core Records; Paleoclimate; Solar Activity; South Pole", "locations": "South Pole; Antarctica", "north": -90.0, "nsf_funding_programs": null, "persons": "Lal, Devendra", "project_titles": "Solar Activity during the Last Millennium, Estimated from Cosmogenic in-situ 14C in South Pole and GISP2 Ice Cores", "projects": [{"proj_uid": "p0000555", "repository": "USAP-DC", "title": "Solar Activity during the Last Millennium, Estimated from Cosmogenic in-situ 14C in South Pole and GISP2 Ice Cores"}], "repo": "USAP-DC", "repositories": "USAP-DC", "science_programs": null, "south": -90.0, "title": "Solar activity during the last millennium, estimated from cosmogenic in-situ C14 in South Pole and GISP2 ice cores", "uid": "600058", "west": -180.0}, {"awards": "0739620 Bieber, John", "bounds_geometry": ["POLYGON((-180 -60,-144 -60,-108 -60,-72 -60,-36 -60,0 -60,36 -60,72 -60,108 -60,144 -60,180 -60,180 -63,180 -66,180 -69,180 -72,180 -75,180 -78,180 -81,180 -84,180 -87,180 -90,144 -90,108 -90,72 -90,36 -90,0 -90,-36 -90,-72 -90,-108 -90,-144 -90,-180 -90,-180 -87,-180 -84,-180 -81,-180 -78,-180 -75,-180 -72,-180 -69,-180 -66,-180 -63,-180 -60))"], "date_created": "Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT", "description": "This proposal seeks funding to continue the neutron monitor observations at McMurdo for at least 4 years of operation - through the next solar activity maximum predicted in 2011-12. The neutron monitor in McMurdo is a crucial element of the \u0027Spaceship Earth\u0027 array - a 12-station multi-national network of neutron monitors optimized to measure the angular distribution of relativistic solar cosmic rays. McMurdo has the southernmost viewing direction of any neutron monitor station in the World, thereby providing a critical three-dimensional perspective on the cosmic ray distribution measured by the global array. Data returned from McMurdo and other \u0027Spaceship Earth\u0027 stations will enable the advanced understanding of the acceleration and transport of solar energetic particles, and of the transient and long-term modulation of galactic cosmic rays by the Sun. From the historical occurrence rates, continuing McMurdo observations through the solar activity maximum would allow to detect new relativistic solar particle events. Neutron monitors can play a direct role in forecasting and specifying solar wind disturbances, thus improving the capability to forecast major space weather events for the societal benefit. For example, providing the cosmic rays Ground-Level Enhancement (GLE) alerts is of direct relevance to aviation flights over high latitudes where these events can pose health hazards.", "east": 180.0, "geometry": ["POINT(0 -89.999)"], "keywords": "Antarctica; Atmosphere; Cosmic Ray; Mcmurdo; Neutron Monitor", "locations": "Mcmurdo; Antarctica", "north": -60.0, "nsf_funding_programs": null, "persons": "Evenson, Paul; Bieber, John", "project_titles": "Cosmic Ray Observations in McMurdo", "projects": [{"proj_uid": "p0000679", "repository": "USAP-DC", "title": "Cosmic Ray Observations in McMurdo"}], "repo": "USAP-DC", "repositories": "USAP-DC", "science_programs": null, "south": -90.0, "title": "Cosmic Ray Observations in McMurdo", "uid": "600078", "west": -180.0}]

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